TheNamakura language,Makura orNamakir, is anOceanic language ofVanuatu. The language is spoken inShefa Province, northEfate,Tongoa, andTongariki. It is the onlyNorth-Central Vanuatu language to have preserved theProto-Oceanic*q, reflected as aglottal stop.
Namakura | |
---|---|
Namakir | |
Native to | Vanuatu |
Region | Shepherds Islands (Tongoa & Tongariki), north ofEfate |
Native speakers | 3,800 (2001)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | nmk |
Glottolog | nama1268 |
![]() Namakura is not endangered according to the classification system of theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Phonology
editConsonants
editLabial | Coronal | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | |||||
Nasal | m | mʷ | n | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | pʷ | t | k | ʔ |
prenasal | ᵐb | ᵐbʷ | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | ||
voiced | v | |||||
Approximant | w | l | ||||
Rhotic | r |
- /v/ may also range to bilabial as[β], in free variation.
- /h/ can also range to uvular as[χ], in free variation.
- /ⁿd/ can also range to a retroflex[ᶯɖ] in free variation. When followed by a /r/, it is then realized as a trilled-articulated sound[ⁿdʳ,ᶯɖʳ].
- /r/ can be heard as a flap[ɾ] in initial position and as a trill[r] elsewhere.
Vowels
editFront | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | iiː | uuː | |
Mid | eeː | ooː | |
Open | aaː |
- Two nasal vowel sounds [ẽ õ] are also rarely heard.
- /i/ when preceding a vowel can be heard as a glide [j].[2]
External links
edit- Materials on Makuraare included in a number of collections held byParadisec.
References
edit- Ray, Sydney H. (1897)."Vocabulary and Grammatical Notes on the Language of Makura, Central New Hebrides".The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.26. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland:67–73.doi:10.2307/2842333.JSTOR 2842333.
Notes
edit- ^Namakura atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Sperlich, Wolfgang B. (1991).Namakir: a description of a central Vanuatu language. University of Auckland.
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