Mordecai Spector (alsoMordechaj Spektor orMordechai Spektor; 10 May 1858 – 15 March 1925) was aYiddish novelist and editor from the Haskalah period. He is the author of about 50 realist novels and short stories depicting the life of ordinary people, workers, artisans, and Jewish families in his time. He is best known for his 1884 novelDer Yidisher Muzhik (The Jewish Farmer). He spent most of his life inUkraine and moved to the United States in 1921.

Mordecai Spector
Spector, late 19th century
Born	(1858-05-05)May 5, 1858 Uman,Ukraine
Died	March 15, 1925(1925-03-15) (aged 66) New York, US
Pen name	Emes; Emeser Lamedvovnik
Occupation	Writer, journalist
Nationality	Russian, after 1918 Polish
Period	19th century
Genre	Yiddish novels, articles, short stories
Literary movement	Yiddish realism,Haskalah
Spouse	Berta Friedberg (married 1886); [unknown] Pinski (married before 1920)

Mordechai Spector was born on 10 May 1858, inUman,Ukraine. He was born into aHasidic family and received a strict religious education. During his teenage years, he met writerYitskhok Yoyel Linetski and playwrightAvrom Goldfadn, considered to be the father of Yiddish theater, and got involved with literature of the contemporaryHaskalah movement (also called Jewish Enlightenment), which promoted a renewal of theHebrew language but also a new interest inrationalism,enquiry, and secular culture.^[1] He started writing relatively young: his first work,Roman On a Nomen (Novel without a Title), appeared in installments in theSt. Petersburg-based newspaperYidishes Folksblat^[2] in 1883 when he was 24 years old. He also published multiplefeuilletons in the same newspaper, ran byAlexander Zederbaum.^[3]

The following year he published his breakthrough work, a novel ofZionist inspiration entitledDer Yidisher Muzhik (The Jewish Farmer, 1884) which advocated for a return to the ancestral lands.^[3] Following the success of this second novel,Zederbaum invited Spector to join him inSt. Petersburg as an assistant editor to theYidishes Folksblat. Over the course of the following three years, he published numerous feuilletons, reviews, travel sketches, andshort stories influenced by the realistic genre of the Haskalah. During his last year in St. Petersburg, in 1886, Spector married Berta Friedberg, the daughter of Hebrew and Yiddish authorAbraham Shalom Friedberg.^[4] Herself a writer, she later collaborated with him on several works, and published under the pen nameIsabella Grinevskaya multiple novels on education and against the idea of assimilation.^[5]

In 1887, following Spector's failed attempts to publish his own newspaper in St. Petersburg,^[1] he and his wife settled down inWarsaw and Spector started curatingHoyz-fraynd, a Yiddish literary anthology in five volumes published between 1887 and 1896 to whom both he andhis wife contributed,^[5] in addition to multiple other Yiddish authors. The collection also includes Spector's longest but unfinished historical novelBaal Shem-Tov, which pushed the boundaries of typical Haskalah literature and cast an innovative and positive light onto the beginnings ofHassidism. Starting from 1894, Spector collaborated withI. L. Peretz,Jacob Dinezon, andDavid Pinski onDi yontef bletlekh (Holiday Pages), another landmark Yiddish literary anthology, as well asVokhedige bletlekh (Weekly Pages).^[3] He also worked intensively onJewish folklore: he collected thousands of Jewish sayings, proverbs,incantations and other folk expressions submitted by his readers, and he published them in theHoyz-fraynd as well as in a separate publication entitledDi yidishe shprikhverter (The Yiddish sayings).^[6]

Spector was very close to fellow Yiddish authorsSholem Aleichem andI. L. Peretz, who were also active in Warsaw.^[3] In early August 1899 (according to N. Mayzil), Spector and Peretz were arrested together "because of their presence at illegal meetings of labor revolutionaries".^[6]

Over the years, Spector contributed to a multitude of Yiddish newspapers and anthologies:Der Fraynd,Hilf,Der Yid (Kraków 1899–1902, in which he published, among others, his short storiesKalikes,A streik von Kapzunem -A strike of the poor,Brilen -Eyeglasses),Di Yidishe Folkstseitung (The Jewish Newspaper) and its supplementFroyen-velt,Ladies' World (1902-1903 with Dr. Kh. D. Hurvits),Moment,Tog,Veg,Die Zeit (Vilnius 1906),Freytag (Warsaw 1907),Undzer Lebn (1907–1909 with Sch. Hochberg),Di naye velt (from 1909, later merged with Warsaw'sMoment), and others.^[1][3][6] Spector was extremely productive, and was the only Yiddish author of his generation to be able to live entirely off of his writing.^[6]

AsWorld War I began and the German army started marching on Warsaw, Spector moved toOdessa (1914) where he continued his literary work, which made him famous all across Europe.^[5][6] Although information about his first marriage is scarce, it is known that in this period he remarried with a sister of his friend and fellow authorDavid Pinski's wife. As the war progressed and the 1917Russian Revolution began, life conditions became extremely harsh and Spector's health worsened.^[6] In 1920, Spector and his second wife escaped Ukraine and travelled through Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Italy, Switzerland, and France to make their way to a ferry to theUnited States. During their travel, local Jewish communities enthusiastically welcomed Spector as a great author.

Spectors reachedNew York in the fall of 1921, and Spector continued working in the literary and journalistic field. In particular, he published numerous short stories, feuilletons, andreportages in theYidishes Tageblat, includingVon jener velt,Soides,Der Groisser Jakhsen,Helden fun der Zat,Yidishe Studenten,Varblondzete,Dem Apikoires vab.

In his last few years in New York, Spector publishedGeshikhten auf Brazlav as well as his autobiographyMayn Lebn (My Life), published posthumously in 1927, which is believed to have great literary, historical, and cultural value.^[3] Spector died in New York on 15 March 1925. He was credited as an "excellent observer of reality",^[3] and his works reproduce the colloquial speech of Jewish families in everyday situations. He was also considered "a pioneer of Yiddish folklore and of Yiddish writing for children",^[3] and he was one among the first Yiddish authors to collect and publish Jewish proverbs and sayings.