Insoil science,mineralization is thedecomposition (i.e.,oxidation) of thechemical compounds inorganic matter, by which the nutrients in those compounds are released in soluble inorganic forms that may be available toplants.[1][2] Mineralization is the opposite ofimmobilization.
Mineralization increases thebioavailability of the nutrients that were in the decomposing organic compounds, most notably (because of their quantities)nitrogen,phosphorus, andsulfur. Whether the decomposition of an organic compound will result in mineralization or immobilization is dependent on its concentration proportionate to that of thecarbon in the organic matter.[citation needed] As a rule of thumb, if the concentration of a specific element exceeds the needs of the decomposer forbiosynthesis or storage, then it will mineralize.
Whethernitrogen mineralizes or immobilizes depends on thecarbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) of the decomposingorganic matter.[4] In general, organic matter contacting soil has too little nitrogen to support the biosynthetic needs of the decomposingsoil microbial population. If the C:N ratio of the decomposing organic matter is above circa 30:1 then the decomposing microbes may absorb nitrogen in mineral form as, e. g.,ammonium ornitrates. This mineral nitrogen is said to be immobilized. This may reduce the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the soil and thus the nitrogen is not available to plants.
Ascarbon dioxide is released during the generation of energy in decomposition, a process called "catabolism", the C:N ratio of the organic matter decreases. When the C:N ratio is less than circa 25:1, further decomposition causes mineralization by the simultaneous release of inorganic nitrogen as ammonium. When the decomposition of organic matter is complete, the mineralized nitrogen therefrom adds to that already present in the soil and therefore increases the total mineral nitrogen in the soil.