Military ranks are a system ofhierarchical relationships withinarmed forces,^[1]police,^[2]intelligence agencies and other institutions organized along military lines. Responsibility for personnel, equipment and missions grows with each advancement. The military rank system defines dominance,authority andresponsibility within a military hierarchy. It incorporates the principles of exercisingpower and authority into the militarychain of command—the succession of commanders superior to subordinates through which command is exercised. The military chain of command is an important component for organized collective action.^[3]

Uniforms denote the bearer's rank by particular insignia affixed to the uniforms of a number ofcountries.^[4][5]Ranking systems have been known for most of military history to be advantageous formilitary operations, in particular with regards to logistics, command, and coordination. As time went on and military operations became larger and more complex, more ranks were created and the systems of ranking became more complex.^[6][7]

Rank is not only used to designate leadership, but to establish pay-grade as well. As rank increases, pay-grade follows, but so does the amount of responsibility.^[8]

In modern armed forces, the use of ranks is almost universal.Communist states have, on several occasions, abolished the use of ranks (e.g., theSovietRed Army 1918–1935,^[9] theChinesePeople's Liberation Army 1965–1988,^[10] and theAlbanian People's Army 1966–1991^[11]), but they have had to re-establish them after encountering operational difficulties incommand and control.

From 501 BC, theAthenians annually elected ten individuals to the rank ofstrategos,^[12] one for each of the ten "tribes" that had been created with the founding of thedemocracy.Strategos means "army leader"^[13] and is usually translated as "general". Originally these generals worked together with the oldpolemarchos ("warlord") but over time the latter figure was absorbed into the generalship: each of the ten generals would rotate aspolemarch for one day, and during this day his vote would serve as tie-breaker if necessary.

As an elected official a Strategos is by definition not a military rank. Strategos is a Political Rank in a Hierarchical Position above the military, politically similar in nature to a modern-day Sheriff or Police Commissioner. This is completely different from a modern day Commissioned Military General who never stands for election at any point in their careers. Historically it is unclear whether there was any badge of office granted to a Strategos though given current customs one should suspect that there was such a badge of office.

The confusion regarding the "Ranking" of Strategos surely stems from the modern custom of granting Police Commissioners and Sheriffs, both Political Ranks, a badge-of-office that happens to be in the shape of what is commonly understood to be a very high rank within the traditional military hierarchy. This "rank-shaped" badge-of-office a formal representation of Public Civilian (political) authority over military matters.

The ten generals were equal to one another; there was no hierarchy among them. However, a basic form of democracy was in effect: for example, at theBattle of Marathon in 490 BC, the generals determined the battle plan by majority vote. Particular assignments might have been given to individual generals; inevitably there was a regular division of responsibilities.

The rank that was subordinate to a top general was ataxiarchos ortaxiarhos, something akin to the modernbrigadier. InSparta, however, the title was "polemarchos". Below this was thesyntagmatarchis, which can be translated as "leader of aregiment" (syntagma) and was therefore like a moderncolonel. Below him was thetagmatarches, a commanding officer of atagma (near to the modernbattalion). The rank was roughly equivalent to thelegatus of aRoman legion. Next was thelokhagos, an officer who led an infantry unit called alokhos that consisted of roughly a hundred men, much the same as in a moderncompany led by acaptain.

A Greek cavalry (hippikon) regiment was called ahipparchia and was commanded by anepihipparch. The unit was split into two and led by twohipparchos orhipparch, but Spartan cavalry was led by ahipparmostes. Ahippotoxotès was a mounted archer. A Greek cavalry company was led by atetrarchès ortetrarch.

The rank and file of the military in most of the Greek city states was composed of ordinary citizens. Heavily armed foot soldiers were calledhoplitès orhoplites and ahoplomachos was a drill or weapons instructor.

OnceAthens became anaval power, the top generals of the land armies had authority over the naval fleets as well. Under them, eachwarship was commanded by atrièrarchos ortrierarch, a word which originally meant "trireme officer" but persisted when other types of vessels came into use. Moreover, as in modern navies, the different tasks associated with running a ship were delegated to different subordinates. Specifically, thekybernètès was the helmsman, thekeleustēs managed the rowing speed, and thetrièraulès was the flute player who maintained the strike rate for the oarsmen. Following further specialization, the navalstrategos was replaced by anauarchos, a sea officer equating to anadmiral.

With the rise ofMacedonia underPhilip II of Macedon andAlexander the Great, the Greek military became professional, tactics became more sophisticated and additional levels of ranking developed. Foot soldiers were organized into heavy infantryphalanxes calledphalangites. These were among the first troops ever to be drilled, and they fought packed in a close rectangular formation, typically eight men deep, with a leader at the head of each column (or file) and a secondary leader in the middle so that the back rows could move off to the sides if more frontage was needed.

Atetrarchia was a unit of four files and atetrarchès ortetrarch was a commander of four files; adilochia was a double file and adilochitès was a double-file leader; alochos was a single file and alochagos was a file leader; adimoiria was a half file and adimoirites was a half-file leader. Another name for the half file was ahèmilochion with ahèmilochitès being a half-file leader.

Different types of units, however, were divided differently and therefore their leaders had different titles. For example, under a numbering system by tens, adekas ordekania was a unit of ten led by adekarchos, ahekatontarchia was a unit of one hundred led by ahekatontarchos and akhiliostys orkhiliarchia was a unit of a thousand led by akhiliarchos.

The cavalry, for which Alexander became most famous (in a military sense), grew more varied. There were heavy cavalry and wing cavalry (ilè) units, the latter commanded by anilarchos.

The use of formalized ranks came into widespread use with theRoman legions after the reforms byMarius. Comparisons to modern ranks, however, can only be loose because the Roman army's command structure was very different from the organizational structure of its modern counterparts, which arose from the early modern, Thirty Years' War mercenary companies, rather than from the writings of fourth-century Roman writerVegetius andCaesar's commentaries on his conquest ofGaul and the civil war.

Military command properly so-called was a political office in Rome. A commander needed to be equipped withimperium, a politico-religious concept. Theking who possessed it (therex sacrorum) was strictly forbidden to have it to avoid a return to the monarchy. In the republic, commanding was confined toconsuls or (seldom) topraetors, or in cases of necessity adictator.Proconsuls, after the establishment of the office, were used. In imperial times, each legion was commanded by the emperor, who was technically either consul or proconsul.

The commander could appoint a deputy, a so-calledlegate (legatus). The association of "legatus" with "legion" isfolk etymology, as the meaning oflegatus is "proxy" or "envoy". Legates were typically drawn from theRoman Senate for three-year terms. The political nature of high military command was even reflected here, in that legions were always subordinate to thegovernor, and only the second and further legions stationed in a province had their ownlegatus legionis. The real commanders and the legates together were, in modern terms, thegeneral officers.^{[citation needed]}

Immediately beneath the commander (or his legate) were sixmilitary tribunes (tribuni militum), five of whom were young men ofequestrian rank and one of whom was a nobleman who was headed for the senate. The latter is calledlaticlavian tribune (tribunus laticlavius) and was second in command. If in moderndivisions the deputy commander is abrigadier general, thelaticlavian tribune can perhaps be translated with this rank, though he commanded no formation of his own. The other tribunes are calledtribuni angusticlavii and are equivalent to staff officers in both senses of the term: of ranksmajor,lieutenant colonel,colonel, and with administrative duties. They did not command a formation of their own. The termmilitary tribune is even sometimes translated into English as "colonel"—most notably by the late classicistRobert Graves in hisClaudius novels and his translation ofSuetonius'Twelve Caesars—to avoid confusion with the political "tribunes of the people"; in addition, they must not either be confused with the "military tribunes with consular authority", who in early republican times could replace the consuls.

The third highest officer of a legion, above theangusticlavian tribunes, was thepraefectus castrorum. He, too, would have a colonel's rank in modern armies, yet he differed much from the tribunes in that his office was not part of the rather administrativecursus, but normally filled by former centurions. (Modern armies have asimilar distinction on a lower scale—i.e., between commissioned and non-commissioned officers.)

The fighting men in the legion were formed into "ranks", rows of men who fought as a unit. Under Marius's new system, legions were divided into tencohorts (cohortes) (roughly equivalent tobattalions and immediately subject to the legion), each consisting of threemanipula, each of them of two centuries (a rather smallcompany in modern terms), each consisting of between 60 and 160 men. Each century was led by acenturion (centurio, traditionally translated ascaptain), who was assisted by a number of junior officers, such as anoptio. Centuries were further broken into tencontubernia of eight soldiers each. Themanipula were commanded by one of their two centurions, the cohorts by one of their threemanipulum's centurions; the most senior cohort-commanding centurions was calledprimus pilus. The ranks of centurions in the individual cohorts were, in descending order,pilus prior,pilus posterior,princeps prior,princeps posterior,hastatus prior, andhastatus posterior.^[14] Individual soldiers were referred to as soldiers (milites) or legionaries (legionarii).

SeeMongol military tactics and organization.

There were no ranks in the modern sense of a hierarchy of titles, although the army was organized into a hierarchical command. The organization of the army was based on the decimal system, employed byModun Chanyu. The army was built upon a squad of ten (aravt) led by an appointed chief. Ten of these would then compose a company of a hundred (zuut), also led by an appointed chief. The next unit was a regiment of a thousand (myangat) led by an appointednoyan. The largest organic unit was a ten thousand man unit (tumen) also led by an appointednoyan.^[15]

The army of ancientPersia consisted of manageable military groupings under the individual commands. Starting at the bottom, a unit of 10 was called adathabam and was led by adathapatis. A unit of 100 men was asatabam led by asatapatis. A unit of 1,000 was ahazarabam and was commanded by ahazarapatis. A unit of 10,000 was abaivarabam and was commanded by abaivarapatis. The Greeks called such masses of troops amyrias ormyriad. Among mounted troops, anasabam was acavalry unit led by anasapatis.

Historians have discovered the existence of the following ranks inParthian andSassanian armies:

• Commander-in-chief:Eran spahbod (to be replaced with fourspahbods, one for each frontier of the empire during the reign ofKhosrau I)
• Commander of thecavalry:Aspwargan salar (Parthian) oraswaran salar (Sassanian)
• Commander of the archers:Tirbodh
• Commander of theinfantry:paygan salar
• Castellan:Argbadh orargbod
• Commander of a frontier march:Marzpawn (Parthian) ormarzban (Sassanian)
• Marzban ofCentral Asian marches was calledkanarang

Post-classical militaries did not have a unified rank structure; while thefeudal lords were in some ways equivalent to modern officers, they did not have a strict hierarchy—a king was conceived of asfirst among equals, not amonarch as later or ancient societies understood the concept, and all nobles were theoretically equals (hence "peers").^{[citation needed]} A nobleman was obligated to bring a set number of troops when asked by his liege-lord, a king or merely a higher-ranked noble who had obtained his service bythe gift of land. The troops' lord retained at least nominal control over them—many post-classical military planning sessions involved negotiating each lord's role in the coming battle—and each lord was allowed to leave after a predetermined amount of time had passed.

The command structure of armies was generally loose and varied considerably. Typically, theking and high-ranking lords would call out for all lords to gather their troops for a campaign. They would appoint a renowned noble to organize the assembling forces, themarshal. The termfield marshal came from the marshal then leading the army on the march, and being in charge of organizing camps and logistics. Tactics for an upcoming battle were often decided bycouncils of war among the nobles leading the largest forces. Outside of campaigns, the highconstable had authority over the local constables, and commanders of the garrisons of major castles. The high constable might have authority in the army due to his role of head of the regular cavalry.

As the European and Asian Middle Ages came to an end, the rank structure of post-classical armies became more formalized. The top officers were known ascommissioned officers because their rank came from a royal commission. Army commissions were usually reserved for those of high stature—thearistocracy of mainland Europe and the aristocracy andgentry of Great Britain.

The basic unit of the post-classical army was thecompany, a band of soldiers assigned (or raised) by a vassallord on behalf ofhis lord (in later times the king himself). The vassal lord in command of the company was a commissioned officer with the rank ofcaptain. Captain was derived from theLate Latin wordcapitaneus (meaning "head man" orchief).

The commissioned officer assisting the captain with command of the company was thelieutenant. Lieutenant was derived from theFrench language; thelieu meaning "place" as in a position; andtenant meaning "holding" as in "holding a position"; thus a "lieutenant" is somebody who holds a position in the absence of their superior. When he was not assisting the captain, the lieutenant commanded a unit called aplatoon, particularly a more specialized platoon. The word is derived from the 17th-century Frenchpeloton, meaning a small ball or small detachment of men, which came frompelote, a ball.

The commissioned officer carrying the (infantry) company's flag was theensign. The wordensign was derived from the Latin wordinsignia. In cavalry companies the equivalent rank wascornet. In English usage, these ranks were merged into the single rank ofsecond lieutenant in the 19th century.

Not all officers received a commission from the king. Certain specialists were granted a warrant, certifying their expertise as craftsmen. Thesewarrant officers assisted the commissioned officers but ranked above the non-commissioned officers (NCOs). They received their authority from superior officers rather than the king. The first NCOs were the armed servants (men-at-arms) of the aristocracy, assigned to command, organize and train the militia units raised for battle. After years of commanding a squad, an NCO could be promoted tosergeant, the highest NCO rank. While a sergeant might have commanded a squad upon promotion, he usually became a staff officer. While commissioned staff officers assisted their commander with personnel, intelligence, operations and logistics, the sergeant was a jack of all trades, concerning himself with all aspects of administration to maintain the enlisted men serving under his commander. Over time, sergeants were differentiated into many ranks as various levels of sergeants were used by the commanders of various levels of units.

A corporal commanded asquad.Squad derived from the Italian word for a "square" or "block" of soldiers. In fact,corporal was derived from the Italiancaporal de squadra (head of the squad). Corporals were assisted bylancepesades. Lancepesades were veteran soldiers;lancepesade was derived from the Italianlancia spezzata meaning broken spear—the broken spear being a metaphor for combat experience, where such an occurrence was likely. The first lancepesades were simply experienced privates; who either assisted their corporal or performed the duties of a corporal themselves. It was this second function that made armies increasingly regard their lancepesades as a grade of corporal rather than a grade of private. As a result, the rank oflance corporal was derived from combining lancepesade and corporal.

As the post-classical came to an end, kings increasingly relied on professional soldiers to fill the bottom ranks of their armies instead of militiamen. Each of these professionals began their careers as aprivate. The private was a man who signed a private contract with the company commander, offering his services in return for pay. The money was raised through taxation; those yeomen (smallholding peasants) who did not fulfill their annual 40-day militia service paid a tax that funded professional soldiers recruited from the yeomanry. This money was handed to the company commanders from the royal treasury, with the company commanders using the money to recruit the troops.

As armies grew larger, composed of multiple companies, one captain was granted general (overall) authority over the field armies by the king. (National armies were the armies of the kings. Field armies were armies raised by the king to enter the battle field in preparation for major battles.) In French history,lieutenant du roi was a title borne by the officer sent with military powers to represent the king in certain provinces. Alieutenant du roi was sometimes known as alieutenant général to distinguish him from lieutenants subordinate to mere captains. The sergeant acting as staff officer to the captain general was known as thesergeant major general. This was eventually shortened tomajor general, whilecaptain general began to be addressed, depending on themilitary branch, asgeneral of the infantry,general of the cavalry orgeneral of the artillery, and these ones, over time, were shortened to simplygeneral. This is the reason amajor outranks a lieutenant, but a lieutenant general outranks a major general.

In modern times recruits attending basic training, also referred to as boot camp by some branches, are instructed in the hierarchical structure of military rank. Many new enlisted civilians find it difficult to understand the structure of general staff ranks as stated before, it becomes somewhat complicated to understand when applying basic rationale.

As armies grew bigger, heraldry and unit identification remained primarily a matter of the regiment.Brigades headed bybrigadier generals were the units invented as a tactical unit by the Swedish kingGustavus Adolphus II ("Gustav II Adolf", who was killed at the battle of Lützen 1632). It was introduced to overcome the normal army structure, consisting of regiments. The so-called "brigada" was a mixed unit, comprising infantry, cavalry and normallyartillery, designated for a special task. The size of suchbrigada was a reinforced company up to two regiments. Thebrigada was a 17th-century form of the modern "task force". In some armies "brigadier general" has been shortened to "brigadier".

Around the end of the 16th century, companies were grouped into regiments. The officers commissioned to lead these regiments were called "colonels" (column officers). They were first appointed in Spain by KingFerdinand II of Aragon where they were also known as "coronellos" (crown officers) since they were appointed by the Crown. Thus the English pronunciation of the wordcolonel.^{[citation needed]}

The first colonels were captains granted command of their regiments by commission of the king. The lieutenants of the colonel were thelieutenant colonels. In the 17th century, the sergeant of the colonel was thesergeant major. These were field officers, third in command of their regiments (after their colonels and lieutenant colonels), with a role similar to the older, army-level sergeants major (although on a smaller scale). The older position became known assergeant major general to distinguish it. Over time, thesergeant was dropped from both titles since both ranks were used for commissioned officers. This gave rise to the modern ranks of major and major general.

The full title of sergeant major fell out of use until the latter part of the 18th century, when it began to be applied to the senior non-commissioned officer of an infantry battalion or cavalry regiment.

Regiments were later split intobattalions with a lieutenant colonel as acommanding officer and a major as anexecutive officer.

Modern military services recognize three broad categories of personnel.These are codified in theGeneva Conventions, which distinguishofficers,non-commissioned officers, andenlisted men.

Apart fromconscripted personnel one can distinguish:

Officers are distinguished from other military members (or anofficer in training) by holding acommission; they are trained or training as leaders and hold command positions.

Officers are further generally separated into four levels:

• General, flag, or air officers
• Field or senior officers
• Company grade or junior officers
• Subordinate officer (naval cadet orofficer cadet in the Canadian forces, for example)

Officers who typically command units orformations that are expected to operate independently for extended periods of time (i.e.,brigades and larger, orflotillas orsquadrons of ships), are referred to variously asgeneral officers (in armies, marines, and some air forces),flag officers (in navies and coast guards), orair officers (in someCommonwealth air forces).

General-officer ranks typically include (from the most senior)general,lieutenant general,major general, andbrigadier general, although there are many variations like division general or (air-, ground-) force general.

Flag-officer ranks, named after the traditional practice of showing the presence of such an officer with a flag on a ship and often land, typically include (from the most senior)admiral,vice admiral andrear admiral. In some navies, such asCanada's, the rank ofcommodore is aflag rank.

In theUnited Kingdom and most otherCommonwealth air forces,air-officer ranks usually includeair chief marshal,air marshal,air vice-marshal andair commodore. For some air forces, however, such as those ofCanada,United States and many other air forces, general officer rank titles are used. In the case of theUnited States Air Force, that service was once part of the U.S. Army and evolved as a separate service in 1947, carrying over its extant officer rank structure. Brazil and Argentina use asystem of general officer ranks based on the term brigadier.

In some forces, there may be one or more superior ranks to the common examples, above, that are given distinguishing titles, such asfield marshal (most armies of the world, notably excluding the United States) or general of the army (mainly the United States because "marshal" is used as a peace officer's designation),fleet admiral (U.S. Navy),Marshal of the Royal Air Force, or other national air force. These ranks have often been discontinued, such as in Germany and Canada, or limited to wartime or honorific promotion, such as in the United Kingdom and the United States.

In various countries, particularly the United States, these may be referred to as "star ranks" for the number of stars worn on some rank insignia: typically one-star for brigadier general or equivalent with the addition of a star for each subsequent rank. In the United States, five stars has been the highest rank regularly attainable (excluding themarines andcoast guard, which have traditionally served as branches of the navy in times of war and thus under the command of a fleet admiral). There also exists the specialty ranks ofGeneral of the Armies of the United States andAdmiral of the Navy which at their inception were considered senior four star officers but came to be consideredsix-star rank after the creation of five star officers. To date only one officer has held a six star rank in his lifetime,John J. Pershing.George Washington was posthumously promoted to the post in 1976. Additionally,Admiral George Dewey was promoted to admiral of the navy but died well before statute made it senior to an admiral of the fleet upon the latter's inception.

Some titles are not genuine ranks, but either functions assumed by generals or honorific titles. For instance, in theFrench Armygénéral de corps d'armée is a function assumed by somegénéraux de division, andmaréchal de France, which is a distinction denoting the most superior military office, but one that has often neutered the practical command powers of those on whom it is conferred. In theUnited States Navy, acommodore currently is a seniorcaptain commanding asquadron, air group, or air wing that is too small for arear admiral to command, although that name has historically been used as a rank. The title (not rank) of commodore can also indicate an officer who is senior to a ship's captain (since only the ship's commanding officer is addressed as captain while under way). Marine captains are sometimes referred to as major to distinguish themselves while shipboard, although this reference is not employed in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Marine Corps.

Field officers, also called "field-grade officers" or "senior officers", are officers who typically command units that can be expected to operate independently for short periods of time (i.e., infantry battalions, cavalry or artillery regiments, warships,air squadrons). Field officers also commonly fill staff positions of superior commands.

The termfield(-grade) officer is primarily used by armies and marines; air forces, navies and coast guards generally prefer the term "senior officer." The two terms are not necessarily synonymous because the former is frequently used to describe any officer who holds a command position from a platoon to atheater.

Typical army and marine field officer ranks includecolonel,lieutenant colonel,major and, in the British army, captains holding anadjutant's or operations officer appointment. In many Commonwealth countries the field rank ofbrigadier is used, although it fills the position held by brigadier general in other countries. In the United States Army, warrant officers who hold the rank of CW3–CW4 are field grade officers; CW5s are senior field grade officers.

Naval and coast guard senior officer ranks includecaptain andcommander. In some countries, the more senior rank ofcommodore is also included. In otherslieutenant commanders, as equivalents to army and marine majors, are considered senior officers.

Commonwealth air force senior officer ranks includegroup captain,wing commander, andsquadron leader, where such ranks are still used.

The ranks of junior officers are the three or four lowest ranks of officers. Units under their command are generally not expected to operate independently for any significant length of time. Company grade officers also fill staff roles in some units. In some militaries, however, a captain may act as the permanent commanding officer of an independent company-sized army unit, for example a signal or field engineersquadron, or a field artillery battery.

Typical army company officer ranks includecaptain and various grades oflieutenant. Typical naval and coast guard junior officer ranks include grades oflieutenant commander,lieutenant,lieutenant junior grade,sub-lieutenant andensign. Commonwealth (excluding Canada) air force junior officer ranks usually includeflight lieutenant,flying officer, andpilot officer.

Officers in training in the Canadian Armed Forces are eithernaval cadet for naval training orofficer cadet for army or air force training.

In the US and several other western forces, officers in training are referred to as student officers, and carry the rank ofcadet (army and air force) ormidshipman (navy, and in some countries, marines). These officers may be serving at amilitary academy, or, as common in the United States, as members of a military training unit attached to a civilian college or university, such as anROTC unit. This is due to a requirement that commissioned officers have at least a four-year collegiate undergraduate degree.

The British Army refers to its trainee officers as officer cadets, who rank as private soldiers at the start of their training, with no authority over other ranks (except when appointed to carry out a role as part of training). Officer cadets are addressed to as "Mister" or "Miss" until the completion of the early stages of their training at theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurst (at which point cadets "pass out" and formally gain their commissions), thereafter other ranks (non-officers) will address them as "Sir" or "Ma'am".

While cadet has always been a rank of limited authority and prestige (cadets and US Navy midshipmen have no authority over commissioned personnel, warrants, or officers, only subordinate cadets), midshipman has historically been a rank with limited leadership responsibility, particularly in the Royal Navy (where cadets are commissioned at the start of their training, unlike their army counterparts). This tradition was continued by the US Navy after its original adoption of the rank, but now US Navy midshipmen are limited in the same manner as cadets in the other US services. Additionally, US Marine officers in training are also midshipmen, trained and educated alongside their naval counterparts, and wear distinctive insignia to indicate their branch of service.

US Coast Guard Academy students are referred to as "cadets", while those attending the military branch'sofficer candidate school are "officer candidates".

In the US an alternative to spending four years as a cadet or midshipmen is for college graduates with a four-year degree to attend officer candidate school, an intensive twelve-week training course designed to convert college graduates into military officers. Each service has at least one, and usually several, officer candidate school facilities. Students at these programs are calledofficer candidates.

Warrant officers (as receiving authority by virtue of a warrant) are a hybrid rank treated slightly differently in each country or service. Warrant officers may either be effectively seniornon-commissioned officers or an entirely separate grade between commissioned and non-commissioned officers, usually held by specialist personnel.

In the United States,warrant officers are appointed by warrant then commissioned by the President of the United States at the rank of chief warrant officer. Warrant officers range from WO1–CW5. A warrant officer is not a chief warrant officer until they reach W2. CW3–CW4 are field grade officers. Warrant officers in the rank or grade of CW5 are senior field grade officers.

Enlisted personnel are personnel below commissioned rank and make up the vast majority of military personnel. They are known by different names in different countries, such asother ranks (ORs) in the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, andnon-commissioned members (NCMs) in Canada.

Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) are enlisted personnel, under the command of an officer, granted delegated authority to supervise other military members or assigned significant administrative responsibilities. They are responsible for the care and direct control of junior military members, often functioning in the smaller field units asexecutive officers.

Even the most senior NCO officially ranks beneath the most junior commissioned officer or warrant officer. However, most senior NCOs have more experience, possibly including combat, than junior officers. In many armies, because junior officers have a great amount of responsibility and authority but little operational experience, they are paired with senior NCO advisers. In some organizations, senior NCOs may have formal responsibility and informal respect beyond that of junior officers, but less than that of warrant officers. Many warrant officers come from the ranks of mid-career NCOs. In some countries warrant ranks replace senior enlisted ranks.

NCO ranks typically include a varying number of grades ofsergeant andcorporal (air force, army and marines), orchief petty officer andpetty officer (navy and coast guard). In many navies the term 'rating' is used to designate specialty, whilerank denotes pay grade.

In some countries warrant officers come under the non-commissioned officer branch (senior non-commissioned officiers).

Personnel with no command authority usually bear titles such asprivate,airman oraircraftman, orseaman (starting withseaman recruit in the United States Navy and Coast Guard). In the United States Marine Corps individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be referred to as "marine". In the United States Air Force individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be referred to as "airman". Shortly after the Sailor's Creed was formally instituted, Secretary of the Navy John Dalton directed that the wordsailor should be capitalized when referring to any uniformed member of the Navy. In some countries and services, personnel in different branches have different titles. These may have a variety of grades, such asprivate first class, but these usually only reflect variations in pay, not increased authority. These may or may not technically be ranks, depending on the country or service. Each rank gives the individual an indication of how long and how well they have served in combat and training.

Appointment is the instrument by virtue of which the person exercises their authority. Officers are appointed by a royalcommission in most monarchies or a presidential commission in many other countries. In the Commonwealth, warrant officers hold a royal or presidential warrant. In the United States, officers are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of theUnited States Senate. Most officers are approveden bloc byvoice vote, but flag officers are usually required to appear before theArmed Services Committee and answer questions to the satisfaction of its members, prior to a vote on their commission.

NCOs are appointed by an instrument of appointment, a written document, often a certificate, usually from the service head. Entry into service is often referred to as enlistment throughout the English-speaking world, even in countries where soldiers do not technically enlist.

Sometimes personnel serve in an appointment which is higher than their actual rank. For instance,commodore used to be an appointment ofcaptain in theRoyal Navy andlance corporal used to be an appointment of private in theBritish Army.

There are a number of different forms of rank; from highest to lowest degree, they are:

• Substantive orpermanent: the fully paid and confirmed rank, with eligibility for the corresponding pension and benefits
  • Retired orretained: usually granted to those officers of the rank oflieutenant in the navy, orcaptain in the army, or above, and enlisted, who have reached the end of their service obligation and have not beendishonorably discharged or dismissed from the service. A retired rank is usually kept for life, if the officer concerned so wishes. In theCommonwealth of Nations, such an officer will also hold the style ofEsquire, if they do not hold a higher title. In theUnited Kingdom, an officer of the regular service placed on the retired list or on the reserve will be shown in his/her substantive rank. An officer of the rank of lieutenant, captain, flight lieutenant or above leaving the reserve, or having no reserve liability is permitted to use their rank acourtesy title if they have completed 3 years service in the active list.^[16]
  • Veterans rank is different in each country. Members of the United States military maintain their highest rank after discharge or retirement. 10 U.S. Code § 772(e) states: A person not on active duty who served honorably in time of war in the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps may bear the title and wear the uniform of the highest grade held by him during that war. After a war, regular serving members of the military holding war substantive or temporary rank often revert to their former, substantive rank and all others often end their service. However, the holder may be granted permission to permanentlyretain the rank they held when the conflict ended.
• Temporary: usually granted for a specific task or mission. The holder holds the rank while occupying that position. Despite the name, temporary rank may be held for a considerable period of time, perhaps even years. In wartime, temporary ranks are often common. In the United Kingdom, the rank of brigadier was long considered a temporary rank; while its holder was addressed as "brigadier," he would retain the substantive rank of colonel or lieutenant-colonel if not selected for promotion to general officer rank. Sub-classes of temporary rank (from highest to lowest) include:
  • War substantive: a temporarily confirmed rank only held for the duration of that war, though war substantive rank may be treated as substantive when considering the holder's eligibility for subsequent promotions and appointments.
  • Acting is where the holder assumes the pay and allowances appropriate to the acting rank, but a higher commanding officer may revert the holder to previous rank held. This is normally for a short period of time while the permanent occupant of the office is absent. During wartime, acting ranks are frequently held on an emergency basis, while peacetime holders of acting ranks are often those who must hold their permanent rank for a sufficient period before being confirmed in their new higher rank.
  • Brevet: an honorary promoted rank, without the full official authority or pay appropriate to the rank.
  • Local ortheater: a form of temporary rank restricted to a specific location instead of a specific duty.
• Honorary: Often granted on retirement, or in certain special cases to honour a deserving civilian. Generally, honorary rank is treated as if it were substantive, but usually does not grant a corresponding wage or pension (increase). Certain members of theBritish royal family that serve in the military have honorary ranks in other services, but retain their original rank.Prince Harry, the Duke of Sussex, is a major in theBritish Army, but has an honorary rank oflieutenant commander in theRoyal Navy, and squadron leader in theRoyal Air Force.

To get a sense of the practical meaning of these ranks—and thus to be able to compare them across the different armed services, different nations, and the variations of titles and insignia—an understanding of the relative levels and sizes of each command is helpful. The ranking and command system used byU.S. Marine ground forces orU.S. Armyinfantry units can serve as a template for this purpose. Different countries will often use their own systems that do not match the presentation here.

Under this system, starting from the bottom and working up, a corporal leads afireteam consisting of three other individuals. A sergeant leads asquad consisting of three fireteams. As a result, a full squad numbers 13 individuals. Squads usually have numbered designations (e.g., 1st Squad).

Generally, in most armies and marine units, a lieutenant or equivalent rank leads aplatoon, which can consist of three or four squads. For example, in U.S. Marineinfantry units, rifle platoons usually consist of three rifle squads of 13 men each, with a Navycorpsman, the platoon leader, and a platoon sergeant (i.e., astaff sergeant who serves as second-in-command). An infantry platoon can number from 42 to 55 individuals, depending on the service. Platoons are usually numbered (e.g., 1st Platoon) or named after their primary function (e.g., service platoon).

A captain or equivalent rank commands acompany, usually consisting of four platoons (three line platoons and one heavy weapons platoon). His headquarters can include afirst sergeant and as many as seven others. As such, a company can comprise from roughly 175 to 225 individuals. Equivalent units also commanded by captains are batteries (for field artillery units) and detachments. In English speaking countries, a company (ortroop in the cavalry, andbattery in the artillery) is usually designated by a letter (e.g., "A Company"). In non-English speaking countries, they are usually numbered.^{[citation needed]} In most Commonwealth armies a company is commanded by a major, assisted by a captain.

A lieutenant colonel or equivalent rank commands abattalion or asquadron, often consisting of four companies, plus the various members of his headquarters. A battalion is around 500–1,500 men and usually consists of between two and six companies.

A colonel or equivalent commands aregiment orgroup, often consisting of two or more battalions (for an infantry unit) or five to six air groups (for a wing). Battalions and regiments are usually numbered, either as a separate battalion or as part of a regimental structure (e.g., 1-501st Infantry in the US Army).

The next level has been abrigade, commanded by a brigadier general, and containing two or more regiments or three to eight battalions. In theU.S. Army, a brigade is roughly equal to or a little larger than a regiment, consisting of three to seven battalions. Strength typically ranges from 1,500 to 3,500 personnel. In the U.S. Marines, brigades are only formed for certain missions. In size and nature they are larger and more varied collections of battalions than is common for a regiment, fitting them for their traditional role as the smallest formation able to operate independently on a battlefield without external logistical tactical support. Brigades are usually numbered (e.g., 2nd Brigade).

The level above regiment and brigade is thedivision, commanded by a major general and consisting of from 10,000 to 20,000 persons. The 1st Marine Division, for example, is made up of four marine regiments (of the type described above), one assault amphibian battalion, one reconnaissance battalion, two light armored reconnaissance battalions, one combat engineer battalion, one tank battalion, and one headquarters battalion—totalling more than 19,000 marines. (Within the headquarters battalion are one headquarters company, one service company, onemilitary police company, one communications company, and one truck company.) An equivalent elsewhere within the same marine expeditionary force (MEF) might be an MEF logistics group (MLG), which is not a regimental-sized unit (as the word "group" implies), but rather a large support unit consisting of several battalions of support personnel. Divisions are normally numbered, but can be named after a function or personage.

The command sizes for any given rank will vary widely. Not all units are as troop intensive as infantry forces need to be.Tank andartillery crews, for example, involve far fewer personnel. Numbers also differ for non-combat units such asquartermasters, cooks, and hospital staff. Beyond this, in any real situation, not all units will be at full strength and there will be various attachments and detachments of assorted specialists woven throughout the system.

In the U.S. Army, the level above division is acorps. It is commanded by a lieutenant general. In many armies, a corps numbers around 60,000, usually divided into three divisions. Corps (and similar organizations) are normally designated with Roman numerals and their nationality when operating in a combined (international) force—e.g., V (US) Corps, VIII (ROK) Corps, II MEF, I Canadian Corps.

During World War II, due to the large scale of combat, multiple corps were combined intofield armies commanded in theory by a general (four stars), but often by a lieutenant general (three stars), and comprising as many as 240,000 troops. Armies are numbered by spelled-out numerals or functional titles, using their nationality in "combined" forces (e.g.,Eighth United States Army, Third ROK Army,British Army of the Rhine). These were in their turn formed intoarmy groups, these being the largest field organization handled by a single commander in modern warfare. Army groups included between 400,000 and 1,500,000 troops. Army groups received Arabic numeral designations and national designations when combined- e.g.21st Army Group.

• List of comparative military ranks
• Ranks of nobility and peerage
• UK and US military ranks compared
• Shoulder mark

• United States Military Rank Insignia, Background, & Description
• Glossary of Ancient Greek Military Terms
• US Military Ranks, Ratings, and Grades by Branch (with insignia)
• Military rank
• US Military ranks and rank insignia
• British Army ranks and responsibilities
• Military ranks