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His accession marked the end of theTime of Troubles. TheIngrian andPolish–Muscovite Wars were brought to an end in 1617 and 1618 respectively, with continued Russian independence confirmed at the expense of territorial losses in the west. Polish kingWładysław IV Vasa finally agreed to formally give up his claim to the Russian throne with theTreaty of Polyanovka in 1634. To the east,Cossacks made unprecedented advances in theconquest of Siberia, and Russian explorers had reached thePacific Ocean (Sea of Okhotsk) by the end of Michael's reign.
Michael's grandfather,Nikita, was brother to the first Russian Tsaritsa Anastasia and a central advisor toIvan the Terrible. As a young boy, Michael and his mother had been exiled toBeloozero in 1600. This was a result of the recently elected TsarBoris Godunov, in 1598, falsely accusing his father, Feodor, of treason. This may have been partly because Feodor had married Ksenia Shestova against Boris's wishes.[1]
Michael was eventually chosen for the throne of Muscovy due to his father's martyr-like captivity in Polish detention, as the patriotic mood swept the Russian elite after the expulsion of the Poles during the Time of Troubles. Michael's youth also contributed to his election as he was seen as easily manipulated. On 21 February 1613, 700 delegates reached a consensus for Michael to be chosen as a compromise candidate asTsar of Russia by theZemsky Sobor of 1613.[2][3]
The delegates of the council did not discover the young Tsar and his mother at theIpatiev Monastery nearKostroma until 24 March. He had been chosen after several other options had been removed, including Polish princeVladislav, Austrian ArchdukeMaximilian III and the Swedish princeCarl Philip.[3] Initially, Martha protested, believing and stating that her son was too young and tender for so difficult an office, and in such a troublesome time.
According to Dunning, "The sixteen-year-old boy did not impress the boyars at all; he was poorly educated and not particularly intelligent. Nonetheless, those great lords consoled themselves with the knowledge thatTrubetskoi would not become tsar and that Mikhail's ambitious and highly intelligent father, Filaret, was still in Polish captivity. One of the boyars allegedly said at the time, 'Let us have Misha Romanov for he is young and not yet wise; he will suit our purposes.' In fact, under the strong influence of reactionary boyars, even in preparation for his coronation, the deeply conservative new tsar revealed his true feelings about his subjects by snubbing many patriots simply because they were commoners." The tsar's family relationship withFalse Dmitry I,False Dmitry II, andPrince Władysław was covered up, even the two years Mikhail spent in the Polish-occupied Kremlin with his collaborator uncleIvan Romanov.[2]
In so dilapidated a condition was the capital at this time that Michael had to wait for several weeks at theTroitsa monastery, 75 miles (121 km) off, before decent accommodation could be provided for him atMoscow. He was crowned on 21 July 1613, on his seventeenth birthday. The first task of the new tsar was to clear the land of the countries occupying it.Sweden andPoland were then dealt with respectively by thepeace of Stolbovo (17 February 1617) and theTruce of Deulino (1 December 1618).
The most important result of the Truce of Deulino was the return from Polish captivity of the Tsar's father,Patriarch Filaret. Filaret became the effective ruler of Russia until his death in 1633.[2]: 311–313
In theTreaty of Stolbovo (1617) that ended theIngrian War withSweden, Russia gave upIngria and parts ofKarelia as well as claims on the duchies ofEstonia andLivonia, but in return Sweden recognised Michael as the rightful ruler of Russia. TheTruce of Deulino of 1618 (which ended thePolish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) in which Polish forces had once entered Moscow in 1610 and declaredWładysław Vasa as Tsar of Russia) saw the loss ofSmolensk in exchange for the release of Michael's father Feodor from Polish captivity. A year later, Feodor becamePatriarch Filaret of Moscow, or rather was confirmed in the position to which he was previously controversially named by the pretenderFalse Dmitriy II. Filaret subsequently began to play a large role in the ruling of Russia, lasting until his death in 1633. Russia failed to recover Smolensk from the Poles in a laterwar from 1632 to 1634, but did achieve Władysław Vasa's renunciation of his long-standing claims to the Russian throne. Smolensk would officially remain part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until it was recovered with the conclusion ofanother war under Michael's son and successorAlexis in1667.
Tsar Michael suffered from aprogressive leg injury (a consequence of a horse accident early in his life), which resulted in his not being able to walk towards the end of his life. He was a gentle and pious prince who gave little trouble to anyone and effaced himself behind his counsellors. Sometimes they were relatively honest and capable men like his father; sometimes they were corrupted and bigoted, like theSaltykov relatives of his mother. He was married three times. He first became engaged toMaria Ivanovna Khlopova via abrideshow in 1616, where she changed her name to Anastasia.[4] She quickly grew ill and after six weeks of marriage, was deported to Siberia.[4] Michael maintained a strong affection towards her and vowed to never marry.[4] He was married off to PrincessMaria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova in 1624, but she became ill, and died in early 1625, only four months after the marriage.[7] In 1626, he marriedEudoxia Streshneva (1608–1645), who bore him 10 children, of whom four reached adulthood: the futureTsar Alexis and the TsarevnasIrina,Anna, andTatyana. Michael's failure to wed his eldest daughter, Irina, withCount Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, amorganatic son of KingChristian IV of Denmark, in consequence of the refusal of the latter to acceptOrthodoxy, so deeply afflicted him as to contribute to bringing about his death. Tsar Michael fell ill in April 1645, withscurvy,dropsy, and probably depression. His doctors prescribedpurgatives which did not improve his condition; and after fainting in church on 12 July, he died on 23 July 1645.[8]
Michael offeredMonomakh's Cap and scepter byKuzma Minin, protected byDmitry PozharskySilver coin: 1 ruble depictingNikolai IIRomanov (1913). On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor Nikolai II in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Imperial family, right Michael I in Royal robes andMonomakh's Cap. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament.
The two government offices (prikazes) that were most important politically were thePosolsky Prikaz ("Foreign Office") and theRazryadny Prikaz (aDuma chancellery and a personnel department for both central and provincial administration including military command). Those offices could be pivotal in struggles between boyar factions, so they were traditionally headed not by boyars but bydyaki (professional clerks).
The first head of the Posolsky Prikaz under Michael wasPyotr Tretyakov until his death in 1618; he conducted a policy of allying with Sweden against Poland. The next,Ivan Gramotin had a reputation for being aPolonophile; this appointment was necessary to bring forth Filaret's release from captivity. In the mid-1620s Filaret began preparations for war with Poland; Gramotin fell into disfavour and was dismissed and exiled in 1626. The same fate was shared by Efim Telepnev in 1630 and Fyodor Likhachov in 1631 – they too tried to mitigate Filaret's belligerent approach. Ivan Gryazev, appointed in 1632, was promoted from the second rank of the bureaucracy to carry out Filaret's orders. After the deaths of Filaret and Gryazev, the post was once again assumed by Gramotin in 1634, and after his retirement in 1635, by Likhachov, who undertook a general course of pacification.
The Razryadny Prikaz was first headed by Sydavny Vasilyev; Filaret replaced him with his fellow in captivity Tomilo Lugovskoy, but the latter somehow provoked Filaret's anger and was sent into exile. In 1623, Fyodor Likhachov was appointed head of the prikaz until his move to the Posolsky Prikaz, and, in 1630, the Razryad was given to Ivan Gavrenev, an outstanding administrator who held this post for 30 years.
Three other key offices were theStreletsky Prikaz (in charge of thestreltsy, regiments who served as Moscow's garrison), thePrikaz bolshoy kazny, minister of the treasury, and theAptekarsky Prikaz ("Pharmacy Office", a de facto ministry of health, most particularly the tsar's health). After Filaret's arrival, their former heads were sent away from Moscow, and all three given toIvan Cherkassky (Filaret's nephew), who proved to be an able and competent administrator and was a de facto prime minister until his death in 1642.Fyodor Sheremetev, who had succeeded to all of Cherkassky's posts was a rather weak figure; real power lay in the hands of a court marshal,Alexey Lvov.
From his marriage to Eudoxia Streshneva, Michael fathered the following 10 children, but according toSamuel Collins (physician, born 1619) Tsar Alexis had an older brother who died young.:[9]
^abcDunning, Chester (2004).A Short History of Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 297–300.ISBN0271024658.
^It is possible Michael was also descended fromRurik if his paternal grandmother was a member of theShuysky family, a cadet branch of the Rurik dynasty, a matter of uncertainty.
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