Mélusine (French:[melyzin]) orMelusine orMelusina is a figure ofEuropean folklore, afemale spirit of fresh water in aholy well or river. She is usually depicted as a woman who is aserpent orfish from the waist down (much like alamia or amermaid). She is also sometimes illustrated with wings, two tails, or both. Her legends are especially connected with the northern and western areas of France, Luxembourg, and theLow Countries.

TheLimburg-Luxemburg dynasty (which ruled theHoly Roman Empire from 1308 to 1437 as well asBohemia andHungary), theHouse of Anjou and their descendants theHouse of Plantagenet (kings of England), and the FrenchHouse of Lusignan (kings ofCyprus from 1205–1472, and for shorter periods overCilician Armenia andJerusalem) are said in folk tales andmedieval literature to be descended from Melusine. The story combines several major legendary themes, such as theNereids,Naiad, waternymph or mermaid, the earth being (terroir), thegenius loci or guardian spirit of a location, thesuccubus who comes from the diabolical world to unite carnally with a man, or thebanshee or harbinger of death.

The FrenchDictionnaire de la langue française suggests the Latinmelus, meaning "melodious, pleasant".^[1] Another theory is that Melusine was inspired by aPoitevin legend of "Mère Lusine," leader of a band of fairies who built Roman edifices throughout the countryside.^[2] Melusine's name varies depending on the areas, such as Merlusse inVosges or Merluisaine in Champagne.

The most famous literary version of Melusine tales, that ofJean d'Arras, compiled about 1382–1394, was worked into a collection of "spinning yarns" as told by ladies at their spinningcoudrette. He wroteThe Romans of Partenay or of Lusignen: Otherwise known as the Tale of Melusine, giving source and historical notes, dates and background of the story. He goes into detail and depth about the relationship of Melusine and Raymondin, their initial meeting, and the complete story.

The tale was translated intoGerman in 1456 by Thüring von Ringoltingen, which version became popular as achapbook. It was later translated intoEnglish, twice, around 1500, and often printed in both the 15th century and the 16th century. There are also aCastilian and a Dutch translation,^[3] both of which were printed at the end of the 15th century.^[4] A prose version is entitled theChronique de la princesse (Chronicle of the Princess).

The story tells how in the time of the Crusades, Elinas, theKing ofAlbany (an old name forScotland or the Kingdom of Alba), goes outhunting in theforest to cope with the death of his wife with whom he has one son named Nathas. Elinas comes across the Well of Thirst where he meets a beautifulfay named Pressine. The two fall in love and when Elinasproposes to Pressine, she agrees, but only if he swears to never see her when she births or bathes their children; Elinas promises and he and Pressine marry. Later, Pressine gives birth totriplet girls named Melusine, Melior, and Palatine. When Nathas informs his father the news, he breaks his promise, causing Pressine to leave the kingdom with their three daughters and move to the lost Isle ofAvalon.

The three sisters grow up in Avalon, their mother bringing them atop a mountain every morning to look at the kingdom that would have been their home. On their fifteenth birthday, Melusine, the eldest, asks her mother why she and her sisters had been taken from Alba. Upon hearing of their father's broken promise, Melusine seeks revenge and convinces her sisters to aid her. Using theirmagical powers, Elinas' daughters lock him, with his riches, in a mountain called Brandelois. Pressine becomes enraged when she learns what her daughters have done for despite breaking his promise, Elinas was her husband and the triplets' father. To punish her daughters forkilling their own father, Pressine imprisons Palatine in the same mountain as Elinas, seals Melior inside acastle for all her life, and banishes Melusine, the instigator, from Avalon and alsocursing her totake the form of a two-tailed serpent from the waist down everySaturday. If a man ever marries Melusine, he must never see her on Saturdays: if he keeps the oath, Melusine will live a contented life with him, but if he breaks it and violates her privacy, she will stay a serpent and appear to the Noble House in her monstrous form and spend three days lamenting whenever a descendant dies or the fortress changes hands.

Melusine settles in a forest of Coulombiers by a stream nearPoitiers (orPoitou in some versions) inFrance. The distraughtCount Raymondin of Poitiers comes across Melusine after accidentally killing his uncle. Melusine consoles Raymondin and when he proposes to her, she lays down a condition just as her mother had done: that he must never see her on a Saturday. For ten years Raymondin keeps his promise, and Melusine bears him ten sons (which some versions describe as beingdeformed yet still loved by their parents) and organizes the construction of marvelous castles, giving her husband wealth, land, and power. However, Raymondin is eventually goaded by his family and grows suspicious of Melusine always spending Saturday by herself and never attendingMass. He breaks his promise and peeks into her chamber, where he sees Melusine bathing in half-serpent form.^[5] He keeps his transgression a secret, until one of their now-adult sonsmurders his brother. In front of his court, the grieving Raymondin blames Melusine and calls her a "serpent." She then assumes the form of adragon, provides him with twomagic rings, and flies off, never to be seen again. She returns only at night to nurse her two youngest children, who are still infants.^[6]

Infolkloristics, German folkloristHans-Jörg Uther classifies the Melusine tale and related legends as its own tale type of theAarne-Thompson-Uther Index. In the German Folktale Catalogue (German:Deutscher Märchenkatalog), they are grouped under type *425O, "Melusine", part of a section related to tales where a human maiden marries a supernatural husband in animal form (Animal as Bridegroom).^[7]

As in tales ofswan maidens,shapeshifting and flight on wings away from oath-breaking husbands figure in stories about Mélusine. According toSabine Baring-Gould inCurious Tales of the Middle Ages, the pattern of the tale is similar to theKnight of the Swan legend which inspired the character "Lohengrin" inWolfram von Eschenbach'sParzival.^[8]

Jacques Le Goff considered that Melusina represented a fertility figure: "she brings prosperity in a rural area...Melusina is the fairy of medieval economic growth".^[9]

Melusine legends are especially connected with the northern areas of France,Poitou and theLow Countries, as well as Cyprus, where the FrenchLusignan royal house that ruled the island from 1192 to 1489 claimed to be descended from Melusine.^[10] Oblique reference to this was made by SirWalter Scott who told a Melusine tale inMinstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802–1803) stating that "the reader will find the fairy ofNormandy, orBretagne, adorned with all the splendour of Eastern description". The fairy Melusina, also, who marriedGuy de Lusignan, Count of Poitou, under condition that he should never attempt to intrude upon her privacy, was of this latter class. She bore the count many children, and erected for him a magnificent castle by her magical art. Their harmony was uninterrupted until the prying husband broke the conditions of their union, by concealing himself to behold his wife make use of her enchanted bath. Hardly had Melusina discovered the indiscreet intruder, than, transforming herself into a dragon, she departed with a loud yell of lamentation, and was never again visible to mortal eyes; although, even in the days ofBrantôme, she was supposed to be the protectress of her descendants, and was heard wailing as she sailed upon the blast round the turrets of thecastle of Lusignan the night before it was demolished.^[11]

TheCounts of Luxembourg also claimed descent from Melusine through their ancestorSiegfried.^[12] When in 963 A.D. Count Siegfried of theArdennes (Sigefroi in French;Sigfrid in Luxembourgish) bought the feudal rights to the territory on which he founded his capital city ofLuxembourg, his name became connected with the local version of Melusine. This Melusina had essentially the same magic gifts as the ancestress of the Lusignans. The morning after their wedding, she magically created the Castle of Luxembourg on theBock rock (the historical center point of Luxembourg City). On her terms of marriage, she too required one day of absolute privacy each week. Eventually Sigfrid was tempted by curiosity and entered her apartment on Saturday, when he saw her in her bath and discovered her to be a mermaid. He cried out in surprise, and Melusina and her bath sank into the earth. Melusine remained trapped in the rock but returns every seven years either as a woman or a serpent, carrying a golden key in her mouth. Anyone brave enough to take the key will free her and win her as his bride. Also every seven years, Melusine adds a stitch to a linen chemise; if she finishes the chemise before she can be freed, all of Luxembourg will be swallowed by the rock.^[13] In 1997, Luxembourg issued a postage stamp commemorating her.^[14]

In hisTable Talk,Martin Luther mentioned Melusina of Lucelberg (Luxembourg), whom he described as asuccubus or the devil. Luther attributed stories like Melusine to the devil appearing in female form to seduce men.^[15]

The story of Melusine strongly influencedParacelsus's writings onelementals and especially his description of water spirits.^[16] This, in turn, inspiredFriedrich de la Motte Fouqué'snovellaUndine (1811), and a collaboration on the subject with composerE. T. A. Hoffmann, in which Fouqué wrote the libretto for Hoffman's operaUndine (1816). Other adaptations and references of Fouqué's story are found in works such asHans Christian Andersen's fairy taleThe Little Mermaid (1837),Antonín Dvořák's operaRusalka (1901), andJean Giraudoux's playOndine (1939).

In a legend set in the forest of Stollenwald, a young man meets a beautiful woman named Melusina who has the lower body of a snake. If he will kiss her three times on three consecutive days, she will be freed. However, on each day she becomes more and more monstrous, until the young man flees in terror without giving her the final kisses. He later marries another girl, but the food at their wedding feast is mysteriously poisoned with serpent venom and everyone who eats it dies.^[17]

Other Germanic water sprites includeLorelei and thenixie.

Melusine is one of the pre-Christian water-faeries^{[citation needed]} who were sometimes responsible forchangelings. The "Lady of the Lake", who spirited away the infantLancelot and raised the child, was such a water nymph.

A folktale tradition of a demon wife similar to Melusine appears in early English literature. According to the chroniclerGerald of Wales,Richard I of England was fond of telling a tale that he was a descendant of an unnamed countess ofAnjou.^[18] In the legend, an early Count of Anjou encountered a beautiful woman from a foreign land. They were married and had four sons. However, the Count became troubled because his wife only attended church infrequently, and always left in the middle of Mass. One day he had four of his men forcibly restrain his wife as she rose to leave the church. She evaded the men and, in full view of the congregation, flew out of the church through its highest window. She was Melusine, daughter of Satan. She carried her two youngest sons away with her. One of the remaining sons was the ancestor of the laterCounts of Anjou, whose violent tempers were the result of their demonic background.^[19][20]

A similar story became attached to his motherEleanor of Aquitaine, as seen in the 14th-century romanceRichard Coer de Lyon. In this fantastical account,Henry II's wife is not named Eleanor but Cassodorien, and she always leaves Mass before the elevation of the Host. They have three children: Richard (presumably the laterKing Richard I, "The Lionheart"), John (presumably the laterKing John), and a daughter named Topyas. When Henry forces Cassodorien to stay in Mass, she flies through the roof of the church carrying her daughter, never to be seen again.^[21][22]

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville recounts a legend aboutHippocrates' daughter. She was transformed into a hundred-foot-longdragon by the goddessDiane, and is the "lady of the manor" of an old castle. She emerges three times a year, and will be turned back into a woman if a knight kisses her, making the knight into her consort and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but flee when they see the hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter. This appears to be an early version of the legend of Melusine.^[23]

The motif of the cursed serpent-maiden freed by a kiss (known as thefier baiser ("Proud/Fearsome Kiss"))^[24] also appears in theArthurian romance entitledLe Bel Inconnu^[25] and theNorthumbrianballad ofThe Laidly Worm of Spindleston Heugh.^[26] This motif forms a variant, or subset, of the motif of theLoathly Lady disenchanted, (and thus returned to her comely form) by the action of a hero brave enough to approach her, despite her fearsomely ugly appearance.

• Marcel Proust's main character compares Gilberte to Melusine inWithin a Budding Grove. She is also compared on several occasions to the Duchesse de Guermantes who was (according to the Duc de Guermantes) directly descended from the Lusignan dynasty. In the Guermantes Way, for example, the narrator observes that the Lusignan family "was fated to become extinct on the day when the fairy Melusine should disappear".^[27]
• The story of Melusine (also called Melusina) was retold byLetitia Landon in the poem "The Fairy of the Fountains" inFisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book^[28] and reprinted in her collectionThe Zenana. Here she is representative of the female poet. An analysis can be found inDeLong 2012, pp. 124–131.
• InOur Lady of the Flowers,Jean Genet twice says that Divine, the main character, is descended from "the siren Melusina".^[29]
• Dorothy L. Sayers's short storyThe leopard lady in the 1939 collectionIn the teeth of the evidence features a Miss Smith "who should have been called Melusine".
• Margaret Irwin's fantasy novelThese Mortals (1925) revolves around Melusine leaving her father's palace, and having adventures in the world of humans.^[30]
• Maleficent, the villain of Disney'sSleeping Beauty (1959), is theorized by some scholars and historians to have been based on Mélusine, especially in the2014 live-action film of the same name.^[31]
• Philip the Good's 1454Feast of the Pheasant featured as one of the lavish 'entremets' (or table decorations) a mechanical depiction of Melusine as a dragon flying around the castle ofLusignan.^[32]
• Rosemary Hawley Jarman used a reference fromSabine Baring-Gould'sCurious Myths of the Middle Ages^[33] that theHouse of Luxembourg claimed descent from Melusine in her 1972 novelThe King's Grey Mare, makingElizabeth Woodville's family claim descent from the water-spirit.^[34] This element is repeated inPhilippa Gregory's novelsThe White Queen (2009) andThe Lady of the Rivers (2011), but withJacquetta of Luxembourg telling Elizabeth that their descent from Melusine comes through theDukes of Burgundy.^[35][12]
• The 2023 albumMélusine byCécile McLorin Salvant uses songs to illustrate the tale.^[36]

• Echidna (mythology), Greek mythological serpent woman, mother of monsters
• Shahmaran, Benevolent serpent-woman from Anatolian and Iranian mythology
• Oronsen, African goddess who hides her true nature from her mortal husband
• Legend of the White Snake
• Morgen (mythological creature)
• Nixie (folklore)
• Naiad
• Potamides
• Partonopeus de Blois
• Urvashi
• Yuki-onna
• Knight of the Swan

• Maddox, Donald; Sturm-Maddox, Sara (1996).Melusine of Lusignan: foundling fiction in late medieval France. University of Georgia Press.ISBN 9780820318233. Essays on theRoman de Mélusine (1393) ofJean d'Arras.
• Zeldenrust, Lydia (2020).The Mélusine Romance in Medieval Europe: Translation, Circulation, and Material Contexts. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.ISBN 9781843845218. On the many translations of the romance, covering French, German, Dutch, Castilian, and English versions.
• d'Arras, Jean (1932). Stouff, Louis (ed.).Mélusine, roman du XIVe siècle (in French). Dijon: Bernigaud & Privat. A scholarly edition of the important medieval French version of the legend by Jean d'Arras.
• Eckert, Otto J. (1955).Luther and the Reformation(lecture).^{[dead link]}
• Proust, Marcel (1996).Within A Budding Grove. Translated by Scott-Moncrieff, C. K. Random House UK. p. 190.ISBN 9780099362319.
• Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835 (1834).^[37] The Fairy of the Fountains.
• DeLong, Anne (2012).Mesmerism, Medusa and the Muse: The Romantic Discourse of Spontaneous Creativity. Lexington Books.ISBN 9780739170434.

• "Melusina", legends about mermaids, water sprites, and forest nymphs who marry mortal men, translated and/or edited byD. L. Ashliman at theUniversity of Pittsburgh
• Terri Windling, "Married to Magic: Animal Brides and Bridegrooms in Folklore and Fantasy"^[usurped]
• Jean D'Arras,Melusine, Archive.org
• "Mélusine" .Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.