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Mediterranean Fleet

For the Mediterranean Fleets of other countries, seeList of Mediterranean fleets.

The BritishMediterranean Fleet, also known as theMediterranean Station, was aformation of theRoyal Navy.[1] The Fleet was one of the most prestigious commands in the navy for the majority of its history, defending the vital sea link between the United Kingdom and the majority of theBritish Empire in the Eastern Hemisphere. The first Commander-in-Chief for the Mediterranean Fleet was the appointment of General at SeaRobert Blake in September 1654 (styled as Commander of the Mediterranean Fleet).[2] The Fleet was in existence until 1967.

Mediterranean Fleet
The battleshipsBulwark,Renown andRamillies at Malta in 1902
ActiveSeptember 1654 – 5 June 1967
Country United Kingdom
BranchRoyal Navy
TypeFleet
Garrison/HQMalta
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Samuel Hood,Horatio Nelson,Andrew Cunningham

Pre-Second World War

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Admiralty House inValletta,Malta, official residence of the Commander-in-Chief from 1821 to 1961
 
The Order of sailing in the Mediterranean fleet in 1842

TheRoyal Navy gained a foothold in the Mediterranean Sea whenGibraltar wascaptured by the British in 1704 during theWar of Spanish Succession, and formally allocated to Britain in the 1713Treaty of Utrecht.[3] Though the British had maintained a naval presence in the Mediterranean before, the capture ofGibraltar allowed the British to establish their first naval base there. The British also usedPort Mahon, on the island ofMenorca, as anaval base. However, British control there was only temporary; Menorca changed hands numerous times, and was permanently ceded to Spain in 1802 under theTreaty of Amiens.[4] In 1800, the British tookMalta, which was to be handed over to theKnights of Malta under the Treaty of Amiens. When theNapoleonic Wars resumed in 1803, the British kept Malta for use as a naval base. Following Napoleon's defeat, the British continued their presence in Malta, and turned it into the main base for the Mediterranean Fleet. Between the 1860s and 1900s, the British undertook a number of projects to improve the harbours and dockyard facilities, and Malta's harbours were sufficient to allow the entire fleet to be safely moored there.[5][6]

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the Mediterranean Fleet was the largest singlesquadron of the Royal Navy, with ten first-class battleships—double the number in theChannel Fleet—and a large number of smaller warships.[7]

On 22 June 1893, the bulk of the fleet, eightbattleships and three largecruisers, were conducting their annual summer exercises offTripoli,Lebanon, when the fleet's flagship, the battleshipHMS Victoria, collided with the battleshipHMS Camperdown.Victoria sank within fifteen minutes, taking 358 crew with her.Vice-Admiral SirGeorge Tryon, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, was among the dead.[8]

Of the three originalInvincible-class battlecruisers which entered service in the first half of 1908, two (Inflexible andIndomitable) joined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1914. They andIndefatigable formed the nucleus of the fleet at the start of theFirst World War when British forcespursued the German shipsGoeben andBreslau.[9]

A recently modernisedWarspite became the flagship of theCommander-in-Chief andSecond-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet in 1926.[10]

Second World War

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Malta, as part of theBritish Empire from 1814, was a shipping station and was the headquarters for the Mediterranean Fleet until the mid-1930s. Due to the perceived threat of air-attack from the Italian mainland, the fleet was moved toAlexandria,Egypt, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War.[11]

Sir Andrew Cunningham took command of the fleet fromWarspite on 3 September 1939, and under him the major formations of the Fleet were the1st Battle Squadron (Warspite,Barham, andMalaya)1st Cruiser Squadron (Devonshire,Shropshire, andSussex),3rd Cruiser Squadron (Arethusa,Penelope,Galatea), Rear AdmiralJohn Tovey, with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Destroyer Flotillas, and the aircraft carrierGlorious.[12]

In 1940, the Mediterranean Fleet carried out a successful aircraft carrier attack on theItalian Fleet atTaranto by air. Other major actions included theBattle of Cape Matapan and theBattle of Crete. The Fleet had to block Italian and later German reinforcements and supplies for theNorth African Campaign.[13]

Post war

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Villa Portelli, official residence of the Commander-in-Chief from 1961 to 1967 (and then of Flag Officer Malta from 1967 until 1979).

In October 1946,Saumarez hit a mine in the Corfu Channel, starting a series of events known as theCorfu Channel Incident. The channel was cleared in "Operation Recoil" the next month, involving 11 minesweepers under the guidance ofOcean, two cruisers, three destroyers, and three frigates.[14]: 154 

In May 1948, SirArthur Power took over as Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean, and in his first act arranged a show of force to discourage the crossing of Jewish refugees intoPalestine. When later that year Britain pulled out of theBritish Mandate of Palestine,Ocean, four destroyers, and two frigates escorted the departing High Commissioner, aboard the cruiserEuryalus. The force stayed to cover the evacuation of British troops into theHaifa enclave and south via Gaza.[15]

From 1952 to 1967, the post of Commander in Chief Mediterranean Fleet was given a dual-hatted role asNATOCommander in Chief ofAllied Forces Mediterranean in charge of all forces assigned to NATO in the Mediterranean Area. The British made strong representations within NATO in discussions regarding the development of the Mediterranean NATO command structure, wishing to retain their direction of NATO naval command in the Mediterranean to protect theirsea lines of communication running through the Mediterranean to the Middle East and Far East.[16] When a NATO naval commander, AdmiralRobert B. Carney, C-in-CAllied Forces Southern Europe, was appointed, relations with the incumbent British C-in-C, Admiral SirJohn Edelsten, were frosty. Edlesten, on making an apparently friendly offer of the use of communications facilities to Carney, who initially lacked secure communications facilities, was met with "I'm not about to playFaust to yourMephistopheles through the medium of communications!"[16]: 261 

In 1956, ships of the fleet, together with theFrench Navy, took part in theSuez War againstEgypt.[17]

From 1957 to 1959, Rear AdmiralCharles Madden held the post ofFlag Officer, Malta, with responsibilities for three squadrons of minesweepers, an amphibious warfare squadron, and a flotilla of submarines stationed at the bases around Valletta Harbour. In this capacity, he had to employ considerable diplomatic skill to maintain good relations withDom Mintoff, the nationalistic prime minister ofMalta.[18]

In the 1960s, as the importance of maintaining the link between the United Kingdom and British territories and commitmentsEast of Suez decreased as theEmpire was dismantled, and the focus ofCold War naval responsibilities moved to the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Fleet was gradually drawn down, finally disbanding in June 1967. Eric Grove, inVanguard to Trident, details how by the mid-1960s the permanent strength of the Fleet was "reduced to a single small escort squadron [appears to have been 30th Escort Squadron withHMS Brighton,HMS Cassandra,HMS Aisne plus another ship] and a coastal minesweeper squadron."[14]: 297  Deployments to theBeira Patrol and elsewhere reduced the escort total in 1966 from four to two ships, and then to no frigates at all. The Fleet's assets and area of responsibility were absorbed into the newWestern Fleet. As a result of this change, the UK relinquished the NATO post of Commander in Chief,Allied Forces Mediterranean, which was abolished.[19]

Principal officers

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Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Sea

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Note: This list is incomplete. The majority of officers listed were appointed as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Sea sometimes Commander-in-Chief, at the Mediterranean Sea earlier officers appointed to command either fleets/squadrons stationed in the Mediterranean for particular operations were styled differently see notes next to their listing

Commander-in-chiefFromToFlagshipNote
General at SeaRobert Blake[20][21]September 1654August 1657Swiftsure
Naseby
George		Styled as Commander of the Fleet for the Mediterranean and Commander of the Mediterranean Fleet. Died on boardGeorge.
AdmiralSir Thomas Allin[22]August 1668September 1670Monmouth
Resolution
Vice-AdmiralSir Edward SpraggeSeptember 1670March 1672Revenge
Rupert
AdmiralSir John NarboroughOctober 1674April 1679Henrietta
Plymouth
AdmiralArthur HerbertApril 1679June 1683Rupert
Bristol
Tiger
AdmiralLord DartmouthAugust 1683February 1684Captain
CaptainCloudesley ShovellFebruary 16841686James Galley
Vice-AdmiralHenry KilligrewJuly 1686June 1690Dragon
Rear-AdmiralSir Francis WhelerNovember 1693February 1694SussexKilled in a shipwreck inGibraltar Bay
Admiral of the FleetEdward RussellJune 1694August 1695
AdmiralSir George Rooke[23]August 1695April 1696Queen
Vice-AdmiralJohn Nevell[24][25]October 1696August 1697CambridgeDied on boardCambridge.
Vice-AdmiralMatthew AylmerSeptember 1698November 1699Boyne
AdmiralSir Cloudesley ShovellMarch 1703September 1703Triumph
Admiral of the FleetSir George RookeFebruary 1704September 1704Royal Katharine
Vice-AdmiralSir John LeakeSeptember 1704May 1705Prince George
AdmiralLord PeterboroughMay 1705March 1707Joint admiral withSir Cloudesley Shovell.
Admiral of the FleetSir Cloudesley Shovell[26][27]May 1705October 1707Joint admiral withLord Peterborough. Killed in theScilly naval disaster of 1707.
Rear-AdmiralSir Thomas DilkesOctober 1707December 1707Died of a chill atLeghorn.
AdmiralSir John Leake[28][29]January 1708September 1708Albemarle
AdmiralGeorge Byng[30]December 1708Autumn 1709Styled as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Squadron.
AdmiralSir John Norris[24][31]December 1709November 1710
AdmiralSir John Jennings[24][32]November 1710December 1713Blenheim
AdmiralSir James Wishart[24][33]December 17131715Rippon
Vice-AdmiralJohn Baker[24][34]May 1715October 1716Lion
Vice-AdmiralCharles Cornwall[24][35]October 1716March 1718
Admiral of the FleetGeorge Byng[36]March 1718October 1720BarfleurStyled as Commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet.
Vice-AdmiralSir Charles WagerJanuary 1727April 1728
AdmiralSir Charles WagerAugust 1731December 1731Namur
CommodoreGeorge Clinton[24][37]17361738
Vice-AdmiralNicholas Haddock[24][38]May 1738February 1742
Rear-AdmiralRichard Lestock[24][39]February 1742March 1742Neptune
AdmiralThomas Mathews[24][39]March 1742June 1744
Vice-AdmiralWilliam Rowley[24][40]August 1744July 1745Neptune
Vice-AdmiralHenry Medley[24][41]July 1745August 1747RussellDied of fever atVado.
Vice-AdmiralJohn Byng[42]August 1747August 1748Princess
Rear-AdmiralJohn Forbes[43]August 1748October 1748As Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean.
CommodoreAugustus KeppelMarch 1749July 1751Centurion
CommodoreGeorge Edgcumbe1751April 1756Monmouth
Deptford
AdmiralJohn ByngApril 1756July 1756
Vice-AdmiralSir Edward HawkeJuly 1756January 1757Ramillies
Rear-AdmiralCharles Saunders[44]January 1757May 1757

Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet

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Commanders-in-chief on the Mediterranean Station 1792–1883
 
Commanders-in-chief on the Mediterranean Station, 1886–1957

The first Commander-in-Chief for the Mediterranean Fleet may have been named as early as 1665.[45] Commanders-in-chief have included:[46][47]

Commander-in-chiefFromToFlagshipNote
AdmiralHenry Osborn[48]May 1757March 1758
Vice-AdmiralSir Charles SaundersApril 1760April 1763
CommodoreRichard SpryMay 1766November 1769
Rear-AdmiralRichard Howe[49]November 1770June 1774
Vice-AdmiralRobert Man[50]June 1774September 1777
Vice-AdmiralRobert Duff[50]September 1777January 1780Panther
CommodoreJohn ElliotJanuary 1780February 1780Edgar
No fleet present[50]February 1780December 1783
CommodoreSir John LindsayDecember 1783July 1785Trusty
CommodorePhillips CosbyJuly 1785January 1789Trusty
Rear-AdmiralJoseph Peyton17891792
Rear-AdmiralSamuel Granston Goodall17921793
Vice-AdmiralSir Samuel HoodFebruary 1793October 1794
Vice-AdmiralLord HothamOctober 1794November 1795
Vice-AdmiralLord Jervis17961799
Vice-AdmiralLord KeithNovember 17991802
Rear-AdmiralSir Richard Bickerton18021803
Vice-AdmiralLord Nelson[46][51]May 1803October 1805VictoryKilled atBattle of Trafalgar
Vice-AdmiralLord Collingwood18051810
Vice-AdmiralSir Charles Cotton[52]18101811
Vice-AdmiralSir Edward Pellew18111814
Vice-AdmiralSir Charles Penrose18141815
Vice-AdmiralLord Exmouth18151816
Vice-AdmiralSir Charles Penrose18161818
Vice-AdmiralSir Thomas Fremantle[53]18181820
Vice-AdmiralSir Graham Moore18201823
Vice-AdmiralSir Harry Burrard-Neale18231826
Vice-AdmiralSir Edward Codrington18261828
Vice-AdmiralSir Pulteney Malcolm18281831
Vice-AdmiralSir Henry Hotham[46][51]30 March 183119 April 1833Died 19 April 1833
Vice-AdmiralSir Pulteney Malcolm3 May 183318 December 1833
Vice-AdmiralSir Josias Rowley18 December 18339 February 1837
AdmiralSir Robert Stopford9 February 183714 October 1841
Rear-AdmiralSir Francis Mason31 October 1841April 1842
Vice-AdmiralSir Edward OwenApril 184227 February 1845
Vice-AdmiralSir William Parker27 February 184513 July 1846Parker was brieflyFirst Naval Lord in July 1846 but requested permission to return to the Mediterranean on ground of his health.[54]
Vice-AdmiralSir William Parker24 July 184617 January 1852
Rear-AdmiralSir James Dundas17 January 18521854Vice-Adm. 17 December 1852
Rear-AdmiralSir Edmund Lyons185422 February 1858Vice-Adm. 19 March 1857
Vice-AdmiralSir Arthur Fanshawe22 February 185819 April 1860Marlborough[55]
Vice-AdmiralSir William Martin19 April 186020 April 1863Marlborough[56]
Vice-AdmiralSir Robert Smart20 April 186328 April 1866Marlborough[57] thenVictoria[58]
Vice-AdmiralLord Clarence Paget28 April 186628 April 1869Victoria thenCaledonia[59]
Vice-AdmiralSir Alexander Milne28 April 186925 October 1870Lord Warden[60]Adm. 1 April 1870
Vice-AdmiralSir Hastings Yelverton25 October 187013 January 1874Lord Warden[61]
Vice-AdmiralSir James Drummond13 January 187415 January 1877Lord Warden thenHercules[62]
Vice-AdmiralSir Geoffrey Hornby5 January 18775 February 1880Alexandra[63]Adm. 15 June 1879
Vice-AdmiralSir Beauchamp Seymour5 February 18807 February 1883Inconstant andAlexandra[64]Adm. 6 May 1882
Vice-AdmiralLord John Hay7 February 18835 February 1886Alexandra[65]Adm. 8 July 1884
Vice-AdmiralH.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh5 February 188611 March 1889Alexandra[66]: 222 Adm. 18 October 1887
Vice-AdmiralSir Anthony Hoskins11 March 188920 August 1891AlexandraMar 89 – Dec 89
CamperdownDec 89 – May 90
VictoriaMay 90 onwards[66]: 222, 320, 336 		Adm. 20 June 1891
Vice-AdmiralSir George Tryon20 August 189122 June 1893Victoria[67]Died in commission; lost inVictoria
AdmiralSir Michael Culme-Seymour29 June 189310 November 1896Ramillies[66]: 362 
AdmiralSir John Hopkins10 November 18961 July 1899Ramillies[68]
AdmiralSir John Fisher1 July 18994 June 1902[69]Renown
AdmiralSir Compton Domvile[70]4 June 1902June 1905Bulwark[68]
AdmiralLord Charles Beresford[71][72][73]appointed 1 May 1905
assumed command 6 June 1905		February 1907Bulwark
AdmiralSir Charles Drury[74]appointed 5 March 1907
assumed command 27 March 1907		1908Queen
AdmiralSir Assheton Curzon-Howe[75][76]appointed 20 November 1908
assumed command 20 November 1908		1910Exmouth
AdmiralSir Edmund Poë[76][77]appointed 30 April 1910
assumed command 30 April 1910		November 1912Exmouth[68]
AdmiralSir Berkley Milne[78][79]: 287, 289, 422 [80]appointed 1 June 1912
assumed command 12 June 1912		27 August 1914Inflexible
DuringWorld War I plans were put in place to separate the Mediterranean into specific areas of responsibility. The British were charged with responsibility for Gibraltar, Malta, Egyptian coast, and Aegean in August 1917 Vice Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe became CinC, MF commanding all British forces in the Mediterranean. Overall allied command would remain under the control of the Allied Commander in Chief, who was the head of theFrench Navy. Vice-Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe was also responsible for coordinating other allied forces in Mediterranean. British forces were divided into a number of sub-commands namelyGibraltar,Malta, theBritish Adriatic Squadron, theBritish Aegean Squadron, theEgypt Division and Red Sea and theBlack Sea and Marmora Force.[81] Post titles have been put in bold in the notes column.
AdmiralSir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe[79]: 323 [82]: 80 [83][84]26 August 191725 July 1919SuperbCommander-in-Chief Mediterranean
Vice AdmiralSir John de Robeck[82]: 85 & 94 [85]26 July 191914 May 1922Iron Duke
Vice AdmiralSir Osmond Brock[82]: 92 [86]15 May 19227 June 1925Iron DukeAdmiral 31 July 1924
AdmiralSir Roger Keyes[87]8 June 19257 June 1928Warspite
AdmiralSir Frederick Field8 June 192828 May 1930Queen Elizabeth[82]: 121 
AdmiralSir Ernle Chatfield[88]27 May 193031 October 1932Queen Elizabeth[82]
AdmiralSir William Fisher[89][82][90][91]31 October 193219 March 1936Resolution laterQueen Elizabeth[82]: 121 & 123 
AdmiralSir Dudley Pound[82]: 140 
[90][92]		20 March 193631 May 1939Queen Elizabeth[68]
During World War II, the Fleet was split in two for a period. Post titles in the notes column.
AdmiralSir Andrew Cunningham[92][93][94]1 June 1939
6 June 1939
assumed command		March 1942WarspiteAugust 1939
HMSSt Angelo (base, Malta)April 1940
WarspiteFebruary 1941		Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. Vice-Admiral Cunningham was givenacting rank of Admiral on 1 June 1940, and promoted to Admiral on 3 January 1941.
AdmiralSir Henry Harwood[94]22 April 1942February 1943Warspite
HMSNile (base, Alexandria)Aug 1942		Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. Vice-Admiral Harwood was givenacting rank of Admiral.
AdmiralSir Andrew Cunningham[92][93][94]1 November 194220 February 1943HMSHannibal (base, Algiers)Naval Commander Expeditionary Force (NCXF) North Africa and Mediterranean
In February 1943 the Fleet was divided into a command of ships and a command of ports & naval bases:
Mediterranean Fleet:Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet, 15th Cruiser Squadron, Cdre. (D)
Levant:Commander-in-Chief, Levant, Alexandria, Malta, Port Said, Haifa, Bizerta, Tripoli, Mersa Matruh, Benghazi, Aden, Bone, Bougie, Philippeville
C-in-C Levant was renamedC-in-C Levant and Eastern Mediterranean in late December 1943.[95]

In January 1944 the two separate commands were re-unified with theFlag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean (FOLEM) reporting to the C-in-C Mediterranean.[96]

Admiral of the FleetSir Andrew Cunningham[92][93][94]20 February 194315 October 1943HMSHannibal (base, Algiers/Taranto)Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet.
AdmiralSir John Cunningham[93][94]15 October 1943February 1946HMS Hannibal (base, Algiers/Taranto)Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Station & Allied Naval Commander Mediterranean
AdmiralSir Algernon Willis[97]19461948HMS St Angelo (base, Malta)[68]
AdmiralSir Arthur Power19481950HMSSt Angelo (base, Malta)[68]Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean
AdmiralSir John Edelsten19501952HMSSt Angelo (base, Malta)[68]Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean
AdmiralEarl Mountbatten of Burma19521954HMSSt Angelo (base, Malta)[68]Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean
AdmiralSir Guy Grantham[98]10 Dec 195410 Apr 57HMSSt Angelo (base, Malta)[68]
Vice AdmiralSir Ralph Edwards10 Apr 5711 Nov 58HMSSt Angelo (base, Malta)[68]
AdmiralSir Charles Lambe11 Nov 582 Feb 59HMSPhoenicia (base, Malta)[68]
AdmiralSir Alexander Bingley2 Feb 5930 Jun 61HMSPhoenicia (base, Malta)[68]
AdmiralSir Deric Holland-Martin30 Jun 611 Feb 64HMSPhoenicia (base, Malta)[68]
AdmiralSir John Hamilton[14]: 297 1 Feb 19645 June 1967HMSSt Angelo (base, Malta)[68]

Chief of Staff

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The Chief of Staff was the principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primaryaide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief.

NameDate/sNotes/Ref
Chief of Staff Mediterranean Fleet1893 to 1967[a][94]
Additional Chief of Staff, Mediterranean Fleet1943 to 1944[b][94]

Fleet Headquarters

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The Mediterranean Fleets shore headquarters was initially based atPort Mahon Dockyard,Minorca for most of the eighteenth century. It rotated betweenGibraltar andMalta from 1791 to 1812. From 1813 to July 1939 it was permanently atMalta Dockyard. In August 1939 the C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet moved his HQ afloat on boardHMS Warspite until April 1940. He was then back onshore at Malta until February 1941. He transferred it again to HMSWarspite until July 1942. In August 1942 headquarters were moved toAlexandria where they remained from June 1940 to February 1943. HQ was changed again but this time in rotation betweenAlgiers andTaranto until June 1944.[94] It then moved back to Malta until it was abolished in 1967.

Senior Flag Officers with fleet responsibilities
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In command unit or formationDate/sNotes/Ref
Second-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet1861–1939[99]
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Light Forces and Second-in-Command Mediterranean Fleet1940–1942[94]
Vice-Admiral (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers1922 to 1965[94][c]
Flag Officer, Air and Second-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet1947–1958[94]
Flag Officer, Mediterranean Aircraft Carriers1940 to 1943[100]
Rear-Admiral (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers1922 to 1965[94][d]
Rear-Admiral, Mediterranean Fleet1903 to 1905[101]
Commodore (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers1922 to 1965[94][e]

Subordinate formations

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Note: At various times included the following.

In command of unit or formationDate/sNotes and Ref
Admiral Superintendent Malta1832 to 1934[94]
Commodore, Adriatic Patrols1915 to 1918[102]
Commodore-in-Charge, AlgiersDecember 1942 to February 1943[94][f]
Commodore, Smyrna1919 to 1920[103]
Commodore Commanding, British Adriatic Force1917 to 1919
Commodore Commanding, Red Sea Division1884 to 1885
Flag Officer CommandingForce H1940 to 1941[94]
Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and Canal AreaMay 1942 to February 1943
Flag Officer, Gibraltar1902 to 1939, 1946 to 1967[94]
Flag Officer, Gibraltar and North AtlanticMay to November 1939[94][g]
Flag Officer, Gibraltar and Mediterranean Approaches1943 to 1946[94]
Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean1944 to 1946[94]
Flag Officer, Malta1934 to 1943, 1946 to 1963[94]
Flag Officer, Malta and Central Mediterranean1943 to 1946
Flag Officer, Red SeaOctober 1941 to May 1942[h]
Flag Officer, Western MediterraneanJuly 1944 to May 1945
Rear-Admiral, Alexandria1939 to 1944[94][i]
Rear-Admiral, Egypt and Red Sea1917 to 1920
Rear-Admiral, Training Establishment MediterraneanMay to August 1942[94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding 1st Cruiser Squadron1914 to 1915, 1924 to 1939, 1947 to 1955[94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding 2nd Cruiser Squadron1946 to 1947
Rear-Admiral Commanding, 3rd Cruiser Squadron1939 to 1941[94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding,6th Cruiser Squadron1910 to 1912
Rear-Admiral Commanding, 12th Cruiser Squadron1942 to 1943
Rear-Admiral Commanding, 15th Cruiser Squadron1942 to 1944[94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Sea of Marmora1918 to 1919[104]
Rear-Admiral Commanding, British Adriatic Squadron1915 to 1917[j][105]
Rear-Admiral Commanding, British Aegean Squadron1917 to 1918
Rear-Admiral Commanding, Mediterranean Cruiser Squadron1912
Rear-Admiral, Second-in-Command, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron1915 to 1918[k]
Senior British Naval Officer, Suez Canal Area1939 to 1942[94]
Senior Naval Officer-in-Charge, Suez1941 to 1942[106]
Senior Naval Officer, Mudros1915 to 1918[107]
Vice-Admiral Commanding 1st Battle Squadron1939 to 1941[94]
Vice-Admiral Commanding, 2nd Aircraft Carrier Squadron1947 to 1951
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Battlecruiser Squadron1947 to 1951
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron1937 to 1939
Vice-Admiral-in-Charge, Malta1937 to 1941[94]

Parts of theAdmiral of Patrols'Auxiliary Patrol during World War One were within the Mediterranean. Several patrol zones were under British authority.

Major support sub-commands

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Note: At various times included the following.

In command of unit or formationDate/sNotes and Ref
Principal Naval Transport Officer, Mudros31 August 1915 – 20 January 1916Commodore-in-Command[108]
Principal Naval Transport Officer, Salonika20 January 1916 – June, 1916Commodore-in-Command[109]

Minor shore sub-commands

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Included:[l]

LocationIn CommandDatesNotes/Ref
AdenNaval Officer-in-Charge, Aden1935 to 1938[94]
AlexandriaNaval Officer-in-Charge, Cyprian Ports1941 to 1943[94]
BoneNaval Officer-in-Charge, BoneJanuary to February 1943[94]
BougieNaval Officer-in-Charge, BougieJanuary to February 1943[94]
BrindisiBritish Senior Naval Officer, Brindisi1916 to 1918[110]
GenoaSenior Naval Officer, Genoa1919
GibraltarSenior Officer, Gibraltar1889 to 1902[111]
HaifaNaval Officer in Charge, Haifa1935 to 1939[94]
HaifaNaval Officer-in-Charge, Palestinian Ports1940 to 1943[94]
Mersa MatruhNaval Officer-in-Charge, Mersa Matruh1941 to 1943[94]
MudrosCaptain of Base, Mudros1918 to 1920[112]
PhillippevilleNaval Officer-in-Charge, PhillippevilleJanuary to February 1943[94]
Port SaidNaval Officer-in-Charge, Port SaidDecember, 1916 to February 1943[94]
SalonikaDivisional Naval Transport Officer, Salonika26 January 1917 to 16 April 1919
TarantoSenior Naval Officer, TarantoDecember, 1918 to March 1919[113]
TriesteNaval Transport Officer in Charge, TriesteJanuary 1916 to December 1918[114]

Notes

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  1. ^The Chief of Staff was the principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief.
  2. ^The Additional Chief of Staff was the staff officer responsible for providing administrative support to the principle staff officer (PSO).
  3. ^Command of the Mediterranean Fleets destroyer flotillas rotated between flag officers different ranks such as Vice-Admiral (D)
  4. ^Command of the Mediterranean Fleets destroyer flotillas rotated between flag officers different ranks such asRear-Admiral (D)
  5. ^Command of the Mediterranean Fleets destroyer flotillas rotated between flag officers different ranks such as Commodore (D)
  6. ^Commodore, Algeria reported to the C-in-C, Med Fleet from December 1942 to February 1943 the officer then reports to C-in-C, Levant until December 1943
  7. ^The Flag Officer, Gibraltar and North Atlantic was elevated to the rank of Admiral from November 1939 until 1943 and did not report to the C-in-C, Med Fleet during this period
  8. ^The Senior Officer, Red Sea Force was established in 1939 who reported to theCommander-in-Chief, East Indies Station. On 21 October 1941 the title is changed to the Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and his command but now reporting to theCommander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet until 17 May 1942. On 18 May 1942 the title is changed again to Flag Officer, Commanding Red Sea and Canal Area and his reporting line changed again to theCommander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet.
  9. ^Rear-Admiral, Alexandria reported to the C-in-C, Med Fleet from November 1939 to February 1943 the officer then reports to C-in-C, Levant until December 1943
  10. ^The British Adriatic Squadron was later renamed British Adriatic Force
  11. ^Rear-Admiral, Second-in-Command, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron reporting to VAdm, Commanding Eastern Mediterranean Squadron.
  12. ^In February 1943 all existing shore based commands were transferred under theCommander-in-Chief, Levant until January 1944 they then came back under the control of the C-in-C Med Fleet.

References

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  1. ^"Admiralty and Ministry of Defence: Mediterranean Station: Correspondence and Papers".discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives, 1800–1964, ADM 121. Retrieved11 June 2018.
  2. ^Davies, J. D. (2008)."Strategy and Deployment".Pepys's Navy: Ships, Men and Warfare 1649–89. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 236.ISBN 9781783830220.
  3. ^"Gibraltar and other empire leftovers". BBC. 3 August 2004. Retrieved18 April 2014.
  4. ^"Minorca: Brief History". British Empire. Retrieved18 April 2014.
  5. ^"Indexes of men in the Mediterranean Fleet 1881".Malta Family History.
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Further reading

edit
  • Corbett, Julian Stafford.England in the Mediterranean; a study of the rise and influence of British power within the Straits, 1603–1713 (1904)online
  • D'Angelo, Michela. "In the 'English' Mediterranean (1511–1815)."Journal of Mediterranean Studies 12.2 (2002): 271–285.
  • Dietz, Peter.The British in the Mediterranean (Potomac Books Inc, 1994).
  • Haggie, Paul. "The royal navy and war planning in the Fisher era."Journal of Contemporary History 8.3 (1973): 113–131.online
  • Halpern, Paul, ed. (2011).The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929. Publications of the Navy Records Society. Vol. 158. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate for the Navy Records Society.ISBN 978-1-409427-56-8.
  • Hattendorf, John B., ed.Naval Strategy and Power in the Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future (Routledge, 2013).
  • Holland, Robert.Blue-water empire: the British in the Mediterranean since 1800 (Penguin UK, 2012).excerpt
  • Holland, Robert. "Cyprus and Malta: two colonial experiences."Journal of Mediterranean Studies 23.1 (2014): 9–20.
  • Pack, S.W.CSea Power in the Mediterranean – has a complete list of fleet commanders
  • Syrett, David. "A Study of Peacetime Operations: The Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, 1752–5."The Mariner's Mirror 90.1 (2004): 42–50.
  • Williams, Kenneth. Britain And The Mediterranean (1940)online free
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