TheMbukushu people, also known as theHambukushu, are aBantu-speaking ethnic group indigenous toSouthern Africa. They are part of the largerLozi ethnic group and have significant populations inAngola,Botswana,Namibia, andZambia, numbering around 120,000.^[3]

Mbukushu

Hambukushu
Total population
124,422[1]
Regions with significant populations
Namibia	51,422 (2023 Census)[2]
Botswana	43,000
Angola	17,000
Zambia	13,000
Languages
Thimbukushu
Religion
Christianity •African traditional religion
Related ethnic groups
Lozi people •Kavango people

In Namibia, the Mbukushu holdtraditional authority and are one of the fiveKavango Kingdoms. They speak the Mbukushu language, known asThimbukushu.

The Hambukushu originate fromBarotseland and primarily reside inNgamiland, within theOkavango Delta. TheTswana people of Botswana refer to them as "Mbukushu," but they call themselves "Hambukushu." An individual from the tribe is referred to as a Mbukushu.^[4]

The Hambukushu are renowned for theirrain-making abilities in the Okavango Delta,^[5] earning them the title "The Rain-makers of Okavango." They are also celebrated for theirbasket weaving artistry, and their women are known for using traps to catch fish.^[6]

The Hambukushu people, also known as Hakokuhu, form an ethnic group indigenous to the lands along theOkavango River inNamibia,Botswana andAngola, as well as in they are found inZambia. ThisBantu-speaking community has a rich cultural heritage deeply intertwined with the unique ecological environment of the vegetation along theKavango River. The Hambukushu are one of the five kingdoms of theKavango people.

The majority of Hambukushu people are concentrated along theKavango River and surrounding lands, an ecologically diverse area that includes theOkavango Delta. This region, characterized by its lush vegetation, intricate waterways, and abundant wildlife, significantly influences the traditional livelihoods and cultural practices of the Hambukushu.

The Hambukushu settlements often align with the natural resources of theKavango River and surrounding lands. Villages are strategically located near water sources, reflecting the community's reliance on fishing, farming, and livestock keeping.

The Hambukushu people speak a Bantu language known asMbukushu language. This language, characterized by its linguistic nuances, plays a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting cultural traditions, folklore, and historical narratives. Oral traditions are paramount in Hambukushu society, with storytelling and oral history passing down from generation to generation.

The linguistic diversity within the Hambukushu community may exhibit regional variations, contributing to the uniqueness of their cultural identity.

The social structure of the Hambukushu is organized around extended families and clans. Family ties are crucial, and communal values underscore the importance of mutual support within the community. Elders hold significant roles, serving as repositories of wisdom and custodians of cultural practices.

Community life is marked by collective celebrations, rituals, and ceremonies. Initiation rites, marriage ceremonies, and communal events contribute to the cohesion and identity of the Hambukushu people.

Traditional Hambukushu livelihoods are intricately connected to the natural resources of the Kavango River and surrounding lands. Fishing, a historically vital activity, provides sustenance and economic opportunities. Agriculture and livestock keeping complement their subsistence economy, with crops cultivated in fertile areas and livestock grazed in available grasslands.

The seasonal patterns of theKavango River and surrounding lands influence the Hambukushu calendar, shaping their agricultural and fishing practices.

The Hambukushu people have a rich cultural fabric, expressed through music, dance, art, and spiritual practices. Traditional songs, often accompanied by vibrant dances, are integral to their cultural expressions. Rituals and ceremonies, such as those dedicated to ancestors and spirits, play a central role in reinforcing the community's spiritual bonds.

Artisanal crafts, including pottery and basket weaving, showcase the Hambukushu people's artistic skills and cultural identity.

While the Hambukushu people strive to preserve their cultural heritage, modern influences and external factors pose challenges. Environmental changes, economic pressures, and globalization impact the traditional way of life for the Hambukushu. The introduction of modern technology, changes in land use, and external economic influences may contribute to shifts in their cultural practices.

Efforts to address these challenges often involve a delicate balance between preserving cultural identity and adapting to the evolving socio-economic landscape.

The Hambukushu people, with their deep connection to theKavango River, represent a vibrant and resilient community. Their cultural practices, language, and social organization are integral components of the broader southern African cultural landscape. As the Hambukushu navigate the complexities of the modern world, their cultural heritage remains a testament to the endurance of traditions in the face of change.

• Divundu
• Shakawe
• Maun
• Kangongo
• Bagani
• Mukwe
• Andara
• Bwabwata National Park
• Okavango Delta
• Kongola

• World Statesmen.org
• Maria Fisch,The Mbukushu in Angola (1730-2002):A History of Migration, Flight and Royal Rainmaking, Colónia/Alemanha: Koeppe Verlag, 2005