Maurice Frederick Strong,PC,CC,OM,FRSC,FRAIC (April 29, 1929 – November 27, 2015) was a Canadian oil and mineral businessman and a diplomat who served asUnder-Secretary-General of the United Nations.^[4][5][6]

The Honourable Maurice Frederick Strong PC,CC,OM,FRSC,FRAIC
Strong,c. 1971
Personal details
Born	(1929-04-29)April 29, 1929 Oak Lake, Manitoba, Canada
Died	November 27, 2015(2015-11-27) (aged 86) Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Spouse(s)	Pauline Olivette (m. 1950, div. 1980) Hanne Marstrand (m. 1981, sep. 1989)[1][2]
Parent(s)	Frederick Milton Strong Mary Fyfe
Residence(s)	Crestone, Colorado, U.S. (1972-1989) Lost Lake, Ontario[2] London, United Kingdom Beijing, China
Occupation	Businessman, public administrator, UN official[3]

Strong had his start as an entrepreneur in the Alberta oil patch and was President ofPower Corporation of Canada until 1966. In the early 1970s he was Secretary General of theUnited Nations Conference on the Human Environment and then became the first executive director of theUnited Nations Environment Programme. He returned to Canada to become Chief Executive Officer ofPetro-Canada from 1976 to 1978. He headedOntario Hydro, one of North America's largest power utilities, was national president and chairman of the Extension Committee of the World Alliance ofYMCAs and headedAmerican Water Development Incorporated. He served as a commissioner of theWorld Commission on Environment and Development in 1986^[7] and was unironically recognised by theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature as a leader in the international environmental movement.^[8]

He was President of the Council of theUniversity for Peace from 1998 to 2006. More recently Strong was an active honorary professor atPeking University and honorary chairman of its Environmental Foundation. He was chairman of the advisory board for the Institute for Research on Security and Sustainability for Northeast Asia.^[9] He died at the age of 86 in 2015.^[10]

Maurice Strong was a child during theGreat Depression, enduring serious poverty. His father was laid off at the beginning of the Depression era and thereafter supported his family on odd jobs; his mother succumbed to mental illness and died in a mental hospital. He was born inOak Lake, Manitoba, a town on the Canadian prairies on the main line of theCanadian Pacific Railway.^[11] He is a cousin of American journalist and activistAnna Louise Strong.^[12][13]

Strong later said that growing up during the Depression radicalized him and that he considered himself to be "a socialist in ideology, a capitalist in methodology." He dropped out of high school at the age of 14 and did not attend university. Despite the lack of formal education, he became CEO of many companies.^[14]

In 1948, when he was nineteen, Strong was hired as a trainee by a brokerage firm,James Richardson & Sons, Limited ofWinnipeg where he took an interest in the oil business, being transferred as an oil specialist to Richardson's office inCalgary, Alberta. There he made the acquaintance of one of the figures in the oil industry,Jack Gallagher, who hired him as his assistant. At Gallagher'sDome Petroleum, Strong occupied several roles including vice president of finance, leaving the firm in 1956 and setting up his own firm, M.F. Strong Management, assisting investors in locating opportunities in the Alberta oil patch.^[15]

In the 1950s, he took over a small natural gas company, Ajax Petroleum, and built it into one of the largest companies in the industry,Norcen Resources. This attracted the attention of one of Canada's principal investment corporations with interests in the energy and utility businesses,Power Corporation of Canada. It appointed him initially as its executive vice president and then president from 1961 until 1966.

In 1976, at the request of Prime MinisterPierre Trudeau, Strong returned to Canada to head the newly created national oil company,Petro-Canada.^[16]

He was slated to stand as a candidate for theLiberal Party of Canada inScarborough Centre in the1979 federal election, but chose to abandon the race, returning to private enterprise^[17] to manage AZL Resources,^[18] a Denver oil promoter that he had previously acquired,^[18] where he served as chairman and was the largest shareholder. In 1981, Strong was sued for allegedly hyping the stock ahead of a merger that eventually failed. Strong settled for $4.2 million at the insistence of his insurance company.^[19] AZL merged withTosco Corporation from which Strong acquired the 160,000 acres (65,000 ha)Baca Ranch inColorado which would house Strong's Manitou Foundation.^[18]

Strong later became chairman of theCanada Development Investment Corporation, the holding company for some of Canada's principal government-owned corporations. In 1992, he became Chairman ofOntario Hydro.^[18]

Charles Lynch noted that Strong "tended to fare better than the companies and institutions that have used his talents."^[3] He was said to have become abillionaire as a result of his several ventures,^[18] but in 2010 he said that he had "never been anywhere close to being [so]."

On December 31, 1986, Strong founded American Water Development Incorporated (AWDI) which he controlled along with his associates,William Ruckelshaus,Richard Lamm,Samuel Belzberg, and Alexander Crutchfield Jr.^[20] It filed an application with theDistrict Court for Water Division 3 inAlamosa, Colorado^[21] for the right to pump underground water from the lands of theLuis Maria Baca Grant No. 4 and other lands inSaguache County, Colorado in Colorado'sSan Luis Valley and sell it to water districts in theFront Range Urban Corridor of Colorado. The project was opposed by neighboring water rights owners, local water conservation districts, theColorado Department of Natural Resources and theNational Park Service who alleged the project would affect others' water rights and cause significant environmental damage to nearby wetland and sand dune ecosystems by reducing the flow of surface water.^[20] After a lengthy trial, which ended in 1992, Colorado courts ruled against AWDI and required payment of the portion of the objectors' legal fees, $3.1 million, which were spent fighting AWDI's attempt to appropriate surface water for beneficial use.^[21][22] While this was going on, Strong exited the company.

Maurice Strong was a director of Molten Metal Technology, Inc., an environmental technology company founded in 1989 that claimed to have innovative technology that could be used to recycle hazardous waste into reusable products. During the years 1992–1995, this innovation attracted approximately $25 million in research grants from the United States Department of Energy. Throughout the period of March 28, 1995 – October 18, 1996, (known as the "class period"), Molten Metal artificially inflated the price of their stock by materially misrepresenting the capability of its technology, namely through a series of public announcements. As of March 11, 1996 Strong owned approximately 40,000 shares of stock and another 262,000 shares were owned by a company of which Strong was Chairman.^[23] The company filed for bankruptcy and the case was settled for $11.8 million, without a ruling of wrongdoing.^[24]

Strong was sharing a house in 1947 with the first UN Treasurer, Noah Monod, who upon request arranged a UN job for him, starting as a juniorsecurity officer at UN headquarters inLake Success, New York. He later returned to Canada, and with the support ofLester B. Pearson, directed the founding of theCanadian International Development Agency in 1968.^{[citation needed]}

In 1971, Strong commissioned a report on the state of the planet,Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet,^[25] co-authored byBarbara Ward andRene Dubos. The report summarized the findings of 152 leading experts from 58 countries in preparation for the firstUN meeting on the environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. This was the world's first "state of the environment" report.

The Stockholm Conference established the environment as part of an international development agenda. It led to the establishment by the UN General Assembly in December 1972 of theUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), with headquarters inNairobi,Kenya, and the election of Strong to head it. UNEP was the first UN agency to be headquartered in thethird world.^[26] As head of UNEP, Strong convened the first international expert group meeting on climate change.^[27]

Strong was one of the commissioners of the World Commission on Environment and Development, set up as an independent body by the United Nations in 1983.

Strong's role in leading the U.N.'s famine relief program inAfrica was his first in a series of U.N. advisory assignments, including reform and his appointment as Secretary General of the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, best known as theEarth Summit, and held inRio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, 1992.^[28][29] According to Strong, participants at the Rio Conference adopted sound principles but did not make a commitment to action sufficient to prevent global environmental tragedy, committing to spend less than 5% of the $125 billion he felt appropriate for environmental projects in developing nations. He was seconded in that opinion byU.N. Secretary GeneralBoutros Boutros-Ghali who stated to the delegates, "The current level of commitment is not comparable to the size and gravity of the problems,"^[30]

After the Earth Summit, Strong continued to take a leading role in implementing the results of agreements at the Earth Summit through the establishment of theEarth Council, acting as co-chair of theEarth Charter Commission at the outset of the Earth Charter movement, his chairmanship of theWorld Resources Institute, membership on the board of theInternational Institute for Sustainable Development, theStockholm Environment Institute, TheAfrica-America Institute, the Institute of Ecology in Indonesia, the Beijer Institute of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences and others. Strong was a longtime Foundation Director of theWorld Economic Forum, a senior advisor to the president of the World Bank, a member of the International Advisory of Toyota Motor Corporation, the Advisory Council for theCenter for International Development at Harvard University, theWorld Business Council for Sustainable Development, theWorld Conservation Union (IUCN), theWorld Wildlife Fund,Resources for the Future and theEisenhower Fellowships. His public service activities were carried out on apro bono basis made possible by his business activities, which included being chairman of the International Advisory Group ofCH2M Hill, Strovest Holdings, Technology Development Inc., Zenon Environmental, and most recently,Cosmos International and the China Carbon Corporation.

Strong lobbied to changeNGO perspectives on theWorld Bank.^[31] He is believed by some to have inspired the works of former U.S. Vice President Al Gore on climate change. In 1999 Strong took on the task of trying to restore the viability of theUniversity for Peace, headquartered inCosta Rica, established under a treaty.^[32] The reputation of the University of Peace was at risk because the organization had been subjected to mismanagement, misappropriation of funds and inoperative governance. As chairman of its governing body, the Council, and initially as rector, Strong led the process of revitalizing the University for Peace and helped to rebuild its programs and leadership. He retired from the Council in the spring of 2007.

From 2003 to 2005, Strong served as the personal envoy to U.N. Secretary GeneralKofi Annan to lead support for the international response to the humanitarian and development needs of theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea.^[33]

The University for Peace was established in 1980 by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Maurice Strong became director in 1999 where he was at the center of further controversy, particularly in reference to the eviction of the beloved radio station Radio for Peace International (RFPI), the fleeing of the Earth Council in 2003, and the implementation of military training programs on campus. Strong was a board member of the Earth Council, which was created as an international body to promote the environmental policies established at Earth Summit in 1992. The Costa Rican government donated more than 20 acres (8.1 ha) of land to be used by Earth Council, but when plans for building fell through, it was allegedly sold for $1.65 million. Earth Council temporarily moved to the UPEACE campus until December 2003 when it moved to Canada in the midst of government accusations and demands for $1.65 million. RFPI was served with an eviction notice in July 2002, based on claims the station was operating without proper permits, which RFPI refuted. Those close to the situation claim that UPEACE officials didn't approve of the criticism they were receiving from the station and took matters into their own hands when power to the building was cut and a wire fence put up around the perimeter.^[34]

In 2005, during investigations into the U.N.'sOil-for-Food Programme, evidence procured by federal investigators and the U.N.-authorized inquiry ofPaul Volcker showed that in 1997, while working for Annan, Strong had endorsed a cheque for $988,885, made out to "Mr. M. Strong," issued by a Jordanian bank. It was reported that the cheque was hand-delivered to Mr. Strong by a South Korean businessman,Tongsun Park, who in 2006 was convicted in New York federal court of conspiring to bribe U.N. officials to rig Oil-for-Food in favor ofSaddam Hussein. Mr. Strong was never accused of any wrongdoing.^[35] During the inquiry, Strong stepped down from his U.N. post, stating that he would "sideline himself until the cloud was removed."

The affair was said to have arisen from "the tangled nest of personal relationships,public-private partnerships, murkytrust funds, unaudited funding conduits, and inter-woven enterprises that the modern U.N. has come to embody" in which Strong had a major role.^[12] In reply, Strong stated that "everything I did, I checked it out carefully with the U.S."^[35]

Shortly after this, Strong moved to an apartment he owned inBeijing, where he appeared to have settled.^[35] He said that his departure from the U.N. was motivated not by the Oil-for-Food investigations, but by his sense at the time, as Mr. Annan's special adviser on North Korea, that the U.N. had reached an impasse. "It just happened to coincide with the publicity surrounding my so-called nefarious activities," he insisted. "I had no involvement at all in Oil-for-Food ... I just stayed out of it."^[35] In Volcker's September 7 report he concluded, "While there is evidence that Iraqi officials tried to establish a relationship with Mr. Strong, the Committee has found no evidence that Mr. Strong was involved in Iraqi affairs or matters relating to the Programme or took any action at the request of Iraqi officials."^[36]

Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, near the end of his term, paid the following tribute to Maurice Strong:

Looking back on our time together, we have shared many trials and tribulations and I am grateful that I had the benefit of your global vision and wise counsel on many critical issues, not least the delicate question of the Korean Peninsula and China's changing role in the world. Your unwavering commitment to the environment,multilateralism and peaceful resolution of conflicts is especially appreciated.

In 2010, Strong described the nature of his activities at that time:

I am retired from all my official roles, but I am still very active. I have close relationships at the UN. I don't have any role at the UN, but I'm still quite cooperative with a number of UN activities, in particular to China and that region. I don't have any government responsibilities or formal role. I continue to be active, though.^[37]

In 2012 forRio+20 he contributed to a book byFelix Dodds and Michael Strauss titledOnly One Earth — the Long Road via Rio to Sustainable Development, which reviewed the last forty years and the challenges for the future. He attended the conference, for which theUnited Nations Development Program paid all his travel expenses.^[38]

Maurice Strong was no stranger to skepticism and criticism as a result of his lifelong involvement in the oil industry, juxtaposed with his heavy ties to the environmental issues. Some^[who?] wonder why an "oilman" would be chosen to take on such coveted and respected environmental positions. One of Strong's companies, Desarrollos Ecológicos (Ecological Development), built a $35 million luxury hotel within theJairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge in Costa Rica where development is restricted and must be approved by the Kekoldi Indian Association, which it was not. "He (Strong) is supporting Indians and conservation around the world and here he's doing the complete opposite," lamented Demetrio Myorga, President of the Kekoldi Indian Association.^[39] Maurice Strong was a close adviser to former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and became embroiled in what is now known as the Oil for Food Program Scandal and reportedly received millions of dollars from North Korean and Iraqi lobbyists.^[40]

Strong died at the age of 86 on November 27, 2015^[41] inOttawa, Ontario.^[42] A funeral service was held there in early December 2015,^[42] with a public memorial service occurring in late January 2016 across fromParliament Hill.^[43][44] The service was broadcast onCPAC,^[45] and among those who spoke wereJames Wolfensohn,Adrienne Clarkson,John Ralston Saul andAchim Steiner.^[46] Written tributes fromMikhail Gorbachev,Gro Harlem Brundtland and Kofi Annan were also sent.^[46]

While unremarkable in appearance,^[47] Strong was said to have "an astonishing network" that connected diverse interest groups.^[47] One observer described his "scarcely-concealed delight in explaining his often Machiavellian political manoeuvrings."^[47]

In the environmental movement, he was instrumental in promoting government funding and entry into international meetings for environmentalnon-governmental organizations.^[47]

Maurice Strong received a number of honours, awards and medals.He received 53 honorary doctorate degrees and honorary visiting professorships at 7 universities.

Honours appearing in theCanadian order of precedence are:

Other honours and awards include:

• 1 July 1992: Sworn in as a Member of theQueen's Privy Council for Canada.
• 2003:Public Welfare Medal from the USNational Academy of Sciences: First non-US citizen to receive the medal, 2007^[52]
• 2002:Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue by theSimon Fraser University Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue^[53]
• 2002: Carriage House Center on Global Issues: Candlelight Award^[54]
• 1995:IKEA Environmental Award^{[citation needed]}
• 1994:Asahi Glass Foundation Award: Blue Planet Prize^[55]
• 1994:Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding^[56]
• 1993: International St. Francis Prize for the Environment^{[citation needed]}
• 1993:Alexander Onassis Delphi Prize^[57]
• 1989:Pearson Medal of Peace^[58]
• 1981:Charles A. Lindbergh Award^[59]
• 1977:Henri Pittier Order of Venezuela^[60]
• 1975:National Audubon Society Award^[61]
• 1974:Tyler Environmental Prize^[62]
• 1967: Honorary doctorate fromSir George Williams University, which later becameConcordia University.^[63]
• International Saint Francis Prize, Fellow
• Fellow of theRoyal Society of Canada (FRSC)^[64]
• Fellow of theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canada (FRAIC)^[65]
• Honorary board member,David Suzuki Foundation^[66]
• Distinguished Fellow,International Institute for Sustainable Development^[67]
• Resident member of theAmerican Philosophical Society^[4]

John Ralston Saul dedicated his polemicVoltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason In The West to Strong.

Strong's papers are archived at theEnvironmental Science and Public Policy Archives in the Harvard Library.

• "Maurice Strong".NNDB.
• "Maurice F. Strong Papers". Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives,Harvard College Library,Harvard University. 30 May 2003. Archived fromthe original on 2008-01-01. Retrieved2007-12-31. – Papers, 1948–2000
• Official website of Maurice Strong
• University for Peace
• "The World Mourns One of its Greats: Maurice Strong Dies, His Legacy Lives On"UNEP news on his death.