Marquardt Corporation was anaeronautical engineering firm started in 1944 asMarquardt Aircraft Company and initially dedicated almost entirely to the development of theramjet engine. Marquardt designs were developed from the mid-1940s into the early 1960s, but as the ramjet disappeared from military usage, the company turned to other fields.

In 1968 Marquardt was merged with CCI Inc. of Tulsa, OK. The newly merged firm became known as "CCI-Marquardt, Inc.". That name changed back to "CCI Inc." after a few years. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s pieces of Marquardt were sold off or merged with other firms. By the 1990s, one of the remnants of the company, calledMarquardt Manufacturing Inc. (MMI) was embroiled in a legal suit with its predecessor organization, which had become principally a landlord who owned the buildings and land where MMI was located. By then, most of the remaining pieces of Marquardt were part ofFerranti in England which was in bankruptcy. MMI subsequently declared bankruptcy and sank into oblivion. The remaining piece,Marquardt Jet Laboratories was sold to Kaiser Aerospace. Kaiser-Marquardt was later sold to Primex in Florida.^[1] Primex finally became part ofAerojet Rocketdyne.

Roy Edward Marquardt was a 1940 aeronautical engineering graduate ofCalifornia Institute of Technology who was employed atNorthrop duringWorld War II on theYB-35 flying-wing bomber project. While working on problems cooling the engines of theYB-35, which were buried in the trailing edge of the wings, he found that the engine heat could be used to provide useful thrust. This created an interest in the ramjet principle, and in November 1944 he startedMarquardt Aircraft inVenice, California to develop and sell ramjet engines. In the late 1940s, the company relocated toVan Nuys, California, adjacent to theVan Nuys Airport.

Marquardt's initial products were wind tunnels, but by the end of their first year they had delivered an experimental 20 inches (0.51 m) ramjet to theUnited States Navy for testing. TheUnited States Army Air Forces purchased two of the same design early in 1946, and fitted them to the wingtips of aP-51 Mustang fighter for in-flight testing. By this time the Navy had installed theirs on anF7F Tigercat; flight tests commenced in late 1946. Later, the Navy tested the same engines on anXP-83 andF-82 Twin Mustang.

Another early product developed by Marquardt Aircraft was a pulse-jet powered helicopter which was assembled and flown, but never put into production.

Marquardt also provided space and capital for theJames B. Lansing Company, a manufacturer of high-quality audio speakers known by the brand "JBL". In the late 1940s, Marquardt took over JBL operations, but the firm was divested when Marquardt was acquired byGeneral Tire and Rubber Company in 1949. JBL speakers are still in production.

In 1947Martin built theGorgon IV missile testbed, powered by the 20" engine. Four Gorgon flights with the new engines were made that year at Mach 0.85 at 10,000 feet (3,000 m) altitude, and in 1948 a newer engine pushed the speeds to Mach 0.9. Martin eventually won a contract to convert the Gorgon design into a target drone, becoming theKDM-1 Plover, and delivering Marquardt a contract for 600 more 20" engines.

In 1948 the newly createdUnited States Air Force took delivery of several larger 30 in (0.76 m) designs and fitted them to the wingtips of aP-80 Shooting Star, which became the first manned aircraft to be powered by ramjets alone. An even larger 48 in (1.2 m) design was built as a booster for a new interceptor design, but not put into production.

The same year the company also started conversion of the existing engine designs to operate atsupersonic speeds. This requires the airflow to be slowed to subsonic speeds for combustion, which is accomplished with a series ofshock waves created by a carefully designed inlet. Starting with the existing 20" design from 1947, work progressed until the new engine was ready for use in 1949.

At this point the company had outgrown its Venice plant, and lacked the resources to fund a larger facility. Roy Marquardt sold a controlling interest in the company toGeneral Tire and Rubber Company in 1949, and used the funds to move to a new site inVan Nuys, the formerTimm Aircraft factory. The purchase wasn't a happy one for General Tire due to management differences, and after making "only" 25% return in one year, they agreed to sell their share of the company to another investor. Eventually, such an investor was found, and General Tire sold their stake toLaurance Rockefeller in 1950 for $250,000.

In the early 1950s supersoniccruise missile and target drone projects for various roles were quite common. Many of them were designed to be shot down as target drones, or simply crash or explode at the end of their mission, so simplicity and low cost was as important as high-speed performance. This made the ramjet ideally suited to those roles. By 1952 Marquardt was involved in a number of projects, including the Navy'sRigel missile, and the Air Force'sCIM-10 Bomarcanti-aircraft missile. To test the new engine design for the Bomarc, theLockheed X-7 high-speedradio control test aircraft was built.

Over the next few years, the X-7 missile broke many records, and led the Air Force to award Marquardt a contract for the BOMARC missile engines. Originally they had intended to award the production to a larger company with better manufacturing abilities, as the Van Nuys plant wouldn't be able to build the 1,500 engines quickly enough. Instead, the Air Force and Marquardt collaborated on a new plant on the shores ofGreat Salt Lake just outsideOgden, Utah. The plant opened in June 1957 and delivered the first engines a month ahead of schedule. By 1958 the engine was in full production, leading to an additional engine contract from the Air Force for an equally large run of a more advanced version for the IM-99B "Super BOMARC". Meanwhile, the X-7 continued to break records, eventually setting the speed record for air-breathing vehicles at Mach 4.31.

In 1958 Marquardt purchased the assets ofAssociated Missile Products Company inPomona, California (AMPCO), part of AMF Atomic, and named it the Pomona Electronics Division.^[2] The Pomona Division designed and manufactured radar simulators used to train navigators, bombardiers, and radar systems operators. In the years following the Marquardt purchase, the Pomona Division created radar simulators for the 412L Weapon Control System in Europe; theGAM-72 (Quail) decoy missile; theGAM-77 (Hound Dog) nuclear missile; the AN/APQ T-10 Simulator for theB-52 Navigator and Bombardier; an Atlas Missile launch simulator; the AN/GPS T-4 air defense radar simulator; and other weapon systems trainers. By 1963, the electronics division accounted for ⅓ of Marquardt's total sales.^[3]

Also in 1958, Marquardt purchased theCooper Development Corporation ofMonrovia, California (CDC). Clifford D. Cooper, the founder and president, became a Marquardt vice-president.^[4] CDC manufactured high-altitude solid-fuel sounding and weather rockets. Cooper Development had been the company responsible for the upper stages of the missile used to place the first U.S. satellite in orbit - theExplorer I.^[5]

By 1959 the company had sales of $70 million (equal to over $600 million in 2020 dollars), and had purchased several other smaller aerospace firms. One of these purchases,Power Systems, led to a number of designs for small rocket motors used as positioning thrusters. This would eventually become one of Marquardt's biggest and most important product lines in the 1960s. During this period the main Van Nuys plant was also involved in research into new systems, including a nuclear-powered ramjet forProject Pluto and aliquid air cycle engine (LACE) for the Air Force'sAerospaceplane efforts. Another new product line started with the introduction of their firstram-air turbine, small air-powered generators for providing aircraft with electric power if the main engine failed. Marquardt also developed and producedthrust reversers for jet engines, as well asafterburners (which are functionally the same as a ramjet). With this diversification came a name change, toMarquardt Corporation.

In 1960, Marquardt established a small research laboratory inMaryland named "Marquardt Special Projects Laboratory" (MSPL),^[6] whose principal scientist was Dr. Oleg Enikeieff. Enikeiff, a 1943 graduate ofCalifornia Institute of Technology, had joined Marquardt after being a research engineer for the Harry C. Miller Lock Company, the owner of Sargent Locks. Oleg's expertise was centered on security devices, and some of his unclassified work while at MSPL included patents for an ID card identification system that would scramble its coded contents after each use so it could not be copied, as well as a system to jam microphones in rooms being used as secure locations, so they could not be 'bugged'. Other work at MSPL was classified.

In 1962, Marquardt was licensed by theSouthern Pacific Railroad to design and produce a device called the "Grade Crossing Predictor", developed atStanford University. Marquardt formed a subsidiary, Marquardt Industrial Products Company (MIPCO), as part of the Pomona, California electronics operations, and began selling the computer to major railroads across the country, and eventually world-wide. It enabled the warning lights and gates at grade-level crossings to be lowered based on the speed of an approaching train, rather than at a fixed distance, reducing grade-crossing congestion in populated areas like Chicago.

In 1964, Marquardt purchased a small aerospace firm inMineola, New York namedAutomation Laboratories, Inc. (ALI),^[7] principally to use their television broadcast expertise in developing a missile launch simulator for theSheridan Battle Tank. Marquardt had invented a hemispherical photographic system it namedVueMarq,^[8] and the marriage of theVueMarq system with the ALI TV technology produced a very advancedSheridan/Shillelagh gunnery simulator. Marquardt was not the successful bidder on the program, and later in 1965 after the GASL merger was completed, ALI was absorbed into GASL and disappeared as a stand-alone entity.

In 1965, Marquardt mergedGeneral Applied Science Laboratories, Inc. (GASL), of Westbury, New York, into the company.^[9] GASL had been founded in 1956 byAntonio Ferri andTheodore von Karman.

Von Karman was a Hungarian-born scientist who had emigrated to the United States in 1930. It was von Karman who founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology in 1944.

Antonio Ferri was an Italian aerospace scientist who studied supersonic flight in Italy prior to World War II. Ferri had doctorates in both Aeronautical Engineering and Electrical Engineering from the University of Rome. During World War II, after the Germans invaded Italy, Ferri destroyed much of his laboratory equipment and hid his research papers from the Germans. Ferri was in hiding as part of a partisan group whenPresident Roosevelt sent the American wartime spy Morris (Moe) Berg of theOffice of Strategic Services (forerunner to theCIA) to Europe to convince Italian scientists to emigrate to the U.S., particularly the aeronautical genius Antonio Ferri. Berg had been a major-league catcher prior to the war, and when he returned with Ferri, President Roosevelt remarked "... I see that Moe Berg is still catching very well".^[10] Ferri pioneered many breakthroughs in hypersonic flight, including Supersonic Combustion Ramjet (SCRAMJET) propulsion, and research into the proper shaping of airfoils, engine inlets, and hypersonic reentry phenomena. He was one of the early advocates of swept-back wings for high-speed aircraft.

In 1966, Marquardt bought TheR. W. Neill Company inChicago, a manufacturer of communications systems for railroads.^[11] Two smaller firms,Howard+Gould, andWestern Industries, also in Chicago, were purchased and merged with R. W. Neill.^[12] The Neill company was operated as a subsidiary of the Industrial Products group, MIPCO.

In 1962North American Aviation selected Marquardt to provide thereaction control system engines for theApollo program spacecraft.^[13] By 1970 Marquardt was known primarily as "the" company for small rocket engines and thrusters. Practically all US space vehicles and satellites used their designs, eventually including a major win for theSpace Shuttle program. The company developed and provided the 25 and 870 lb. thrusters for the space shuttle.

In 1960, Roy Marquardt had told the employees of the company that government procurement of the Bomarc Missile would end in mid-1962, and that an effort must be made to replace that business. His solution was to use the great scientific and engineering capabilities of the company to develop new technologies. In a newsletter for summer, 1960, he said "I believe that one of our more important actions this year has been to greatly increase company-sponsored and financed research and development, a program started late last year ... Much hard work lies ahead if we are to develop the programs and business replacing the Bomarc as it phases out..."^[14]

Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Marquardt and its subsidiaries were a hot bed of scientific research activity. Marquardt made significant advances in many fields, including space propulsion, medicine, optics, life in space, panoramic photography (theVueMarq System), transportation, hypersonic flight, high-temperature metallurgy, water desalination, slurry fuels, underwater propulsion, ram air turbines, afterburners and thrust-reversers for jet aircraft, computer storage, anti-mortar defense systems, FAX machines, television transmission, LED research, and devices as seemingly mundane as pick-up shoes for electric locomotives powered by third-rail power. Roy Marquardt had always believed that the primary mission of the company was"Dedicated to Keeping the United States First in Technology". He kept a large roster of scientists and engineers in the company, and believed that the technical staff should make up about ⅓ of all the personnel of Marquardt.^[15] These large engineering and development costs taxed Marquardt's profits, and although the company remained profitable throughout this period, by 1964 the board of directors hired a new president to change the focus toward more profitability. Unfortunately, this meant Marquardt would have to move forward with only the existing product offerings then being manufactured, with little hope of new breakthroughs and future growth. In 1966, the new president announced that in his first year (1965) he had increased profits in part by the "... elimination of research and development efforts that weren't directly related to the company's current activities".^[16]

The market for ramjet engines had largely disappeared by the mid-1960s due to increased performance from turbojet engines, and the belief that rockets were more appropriate for the nation's defense. Marquardt continued low-level development on advanced designs. One system, developed in partnership withMorton Thiokol, placed asolid fuel booster inside the ramjet core. When the solid fuel burned out the ramjet would ignite as normal. The idea was to combine the booster and ramjet into a single airframe, thereby reducing cost, size, and range safety requirements, as nothing would be jettisoned in flight.

Marquardt took advantage of its advanced metal-forming talents to fill the void left by the end of Bomarc ramjet production. Products such as air inlets for theF-4 Phantom, cases for the submarine-launchedPolaris missile, leading-edge slats for theLockheed L-1011, and launch rocket motor cases forTOW missiles became main products of the firm.^[17][18][19]

However, the sales volume of the company was still below the peak of the early 60s, due to the end of theBomarc program in Ogden and theB-52 bombardier/navigator simulator program in Pomona.

In 1964, the board of directors appointed a new president, John B. Montgomery; the founder, Roy Marquardt, was retained as chairman of the board.^[20] The gradual reduction of the company's focus on research and development was begun at that point to improve profitability.^[21] Pieces of Marquardt were then sold off over time.

In 1966, Marquardt sold the Pomona Electronics Division, excluding the Industrial Products subsidiary MIPCO, toConductron, a subsidiary ofMcDonnell Aircraft.^[22] Conductron later becameMcDonnell-Douglas Electronics.

In 1967, both Dr. Antonio Ferri and Roy Marquardt resigned from the company, completely ending the founders' association with their firms.^[23][24] Roy Marquardt subsequently engaged in numerous charitable activities in theLos Angeles area, while Antonio Ferri became the Vincent Astor Professor of Aerospace Sciences atNew York University.

In 1968 Marquardt merged withCCI Inc. inTulsa, OK, and formed a new companyCCI-Marquardt.^[25] This merger permitted CCI to become listed on theNew York Stock Exchange, using the listing that had been Marquardt's. Within a few years, the name of the company was changed back to "CCI Inc." and the effort intensified to spin-off or sell the balance of Marquardt it had acquired in 1968.

Also in 1968, The R. W. Neill Company, part of the industrial products group MIPCO, was spun off for an undisclosed amount and became theLarry McGee Company. Larry McGee had been the vice-president of sales and marketing for R. W. Neill Company. The Larry McGee Company is now part ofMiller Ingenuity inMinnesota.

General Applied Sciences Laboratories (GASL) in New York was divested. Its ownership has passed through a series of owners includingGenCorp,^[26]Allied Aerospace, andAlliant Techsystems;^[27] it is now part ofNorthrop Grumman Innovation Systems, located on easternLong Island, New York.

Over the next few years, several additional parts of Marquardt were sold or spun off. In 1971 MIPCO (Marquardt Industrial Products Company) was combined with another CCI rail equipment subsidiary and namedSafetran Systems,^[28] a company that has subsequently passed through several ownerships includingHawker Siddeley in England,^[29] and is now part ofSiemens Rail Systems.

In 1971, Marquardt Marine Products Division was sold toAmetek.^[30] MMP had been formed originally to manufacture and market the doppler navigation products of the Janus Division of GASL in New York.

In 1973, CCI formed a company namedCCI Life Products to develop and market a Marquardt-invented kidney dialysis machine. The device, using a method calledsorbent dialysis had been developed by Marquardt while its scientists were conducting a study for NASA on water purification during long-duration space missions.^[31] In 1978 this subsidiary was sold toAkzo NV in the Netherlands, which becameOrganon Teknika.^[32] TheREDY system for home dialysis was then marketed world-wide.

Finally, in 1983 the balance of the company was purchased by the ISC Defense and Space GroupInternational Signal and Control.^[33] In 1987, ISC was purchased by British-basedFerranti.

In 1989, Ferranti discovered a huge defense contract fraud at ISC amounting to $1-billion (perhaps equivalent to $3 billion in 2020 dollars), masterminded by James Guerin, ISC's deputy chairman prior to the merger. Guerin subsequently received a 15-year prison sentence for fraud and arms smuggling.^[34] This led to a restructuring at Ferranti and the plan to sell off some of the assets they had acquired from ISC.

Ferranti declaredbankruptcy in 1991. In August 1991 one of the main Marquardt businesses, the manufacturing of components forRockeye cluster bombs and other weapons, was sold to a group of investors who formed a new company called Marquardt Manufacturing Inc. In December 1991, the other main business, a rocket-propulsion division, was sold toKaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corp.^[35] The original Marquardt Co. became principally a landlord, retaining ownership of 56 acres and several buildings near Van Nuys Airport.^[36] MMI and the original Marquardt Co. became embroiled in a lawsuit, which led to the bankruptcy and disappearance of Marquardt Manufacturing.

Kaiser reportedly picked up the Marquardt Jet Laboratory for a mere $1 million,^[37] with about $50 million in outstanding Space Shuttle contracts. Kaiser sold the bipropellant rocket engine product line toPrimex Technologies in 2000^[38] (nowAerojet Rocketdyne) and closed the Van Nuys plant in 2001.

With the sale of Kaiser-Marquardt and the thruster rocket business to Primex in 2000, the name Marquardt disappeared completely from American aerospace industry.

• Marquardt PJ40
• Marquardt PJ46

• Marquardt RJ30
• Marquardt RJ31
• Marquardt RJ34
• Marquardt RJ39
• Marquardt RJ43
• Marquardt RJ57
• Marquardt RJ59

• Marquardt Space Sled
• Marquardt R-4D 100 lbf (440 N) thrust reaction control engines were used on both the Apollo Lunar Module and the Command Service Module on all the crewed moon flights.
• Bigeye bomb, abinary chemical weapon

• Ramjet engine
• Liquid air cycle engine

• Butz, J. S. Jr.,Pluto - A new Strategic System or Just Another Test Program?, Washington, DC,Air Force Magazine, July, 1964
• Cooper, Clifford D.,The Runt Pig Principle, Balboa Island, CA,Alliance for Progress Publishers, 1992
• Jacobsmeyer, Jon Wallace,The Marquardt Story, (retrieved March 28, 2020).
  • Jacobsmeyer was an engineer at Marquardt Corporation in Van Nuys, California, at about the time the main company location in Van Nuys was closed - circa 2001. He obtained an extensive collection of corporate information, documents and photographs, and is the author of "The Marquardt Story", a partially-completed and unpublished manuscript derived from company records. It has been retrieved with an Internet Archive Search using theWayback Machine.
• Lindley, Dr. Charles A.,Early Aerospaceplane Propulsion Research: Marquardt Corp; ca 1956 - 1963, Washington DC,NASA, 1992
• Smith, Will,Roy Marquardt's Passion for Aviation Took Off from Burlington, Burlington, Iowa,The Hawkeye, December 24, 2017 (retrieved 1–18–2019).
• Space News Roundup, Houston, Texas,The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Manned Spacecraft Center, Vol. 3, No. 9, February 19, 1964
• Spinoff, Washington, D.C., The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Commercial Programs, Technology Transfer Division, 2002 Issue
• Stechman, R. Carl, and Allen, Robert C.,History of Ramjet Propulsion Development at The Marquardt Company – 1944 – 1970, Tucson, AZ,American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, July 10, 2005
• Sweetman, Bill,The Ramjet and the Rocket, Washington, DC,Air and Space Magazine, March 21, 2014