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Margaret Jane Benson

Margaret Jane Benson (20 October 1859 – 20 June 1936) was an Englishbotanist specialising inpaleobotany, and one of the first female members of theLinnean Society of London.[1] Most of her career was spent as the head of the Department of Botany atRoyal Holloway College,University of London from 1893 to 1922.[2] In 1927, a botanical laboratory was dedicated in her name.[2] She travelled extensively withEthel Sargant, collecting specimens, laboratory equipment, and meeting other botanists around the world. Her students included DameHelen Gwynne-Vaughan,Theodora Lisle Prankerd,Nesta Ferguson, andEmily Mary Berridge.[3][4]

Margaret Jane Benson
Bensonc. 1911
Born(1859-10-20)20 October 1859
London, England
Died20 June 1936(1936-06-20) (aged 76)
Highgate, London
NationalityBritish
Alma mater
Scientific career
FieldsBotany
Institutions
Doctoral advisorFrancis Wall Oliver
Doctoral students
Other notable students

Early life and education

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Benson was born 20 October 1859 in London to William Benson and Edmunda Bourne, who was the daughter of the landscape painterJames Bourne.[5] Benson's mother was also a painter and exhibited at theRoyal Academy of Art.[6]

Benson was introduced to botany by her father, an engineer and architect with an interest in the subject.[5] She was first educated by her sister, who had attendedQueen's College.[4] In 1878–9 she studied Classical Studies for one year atNewnham College, Cambridge, before working for seven years as a teacher at Exeter High School in order to have the finance for university study.[7][8] She then matriculated toUniversity College London in 1887 and earned her bachelor's degree in Botany with first class honors from the university in 1891.[7][2] She gained a Marion Kennedy research scholarship[7] and earned her doctorate in 1894 from theUniversity of London, working withFrancis Wall Oliver.[5] Her work focused onembryology of a category ofFagales that were calledAmentiferae at the time.

Work and achievements

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Benson started working as a lecturer atRoyal Holloway College in 1889.[7] Benson was appointed head of the Botany Department atRoyal Holloway College in 1893,[5] and remained so until her retirement in 1922. She was the first female Botanist to become a department head in the UK.[2] In 1897, Benson travelled around Europe withEthel Sargent to gain equipment and knowledge to set up the department.[9] Benson is also credited with planning and stocking the Botanical Garden, Herbarium and Museum.[5]

Benson made various collecting trips for botanical material, including to Australia in 1905–1906, and to Australia, Java and India in 1914-15.[5] Her observations of herbaceous plants from the earlyPaleozoic era and the earliest true ferns are considered notable.[5] She proposed a model for the evolution of theovule,[10] which remains a likely explanation.[2] She also described the speciesCordaites felicis found in coal deposits in England.[11] To adopt the new technique ofmicroscopic anatomy of fossils, she cut sections herself with a gas-powered machine in her garden shed.[8] Her papers are characterised by precise drawings and wash-paintings which are believed to be produced by Benson herself.[2]

In 1904, she became a fellow of theLinnean Society of London,[1] one of the first fifteen women who were admitted.[5][12] In 1912 she was made a Professor by theUniversity of London.[5]

Death and legacy

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Upon her retirement in 1922,[5] Benson was succeeded by ProfessorElizabeth Marianne Blackwell as Head of Botany at Royal Holloway College. Benson died inHighgate on 20 June 1936, and Blackwell authored Benson's official obituary.[4]

Publications

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  • M Benson (1893) Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferæ.—Part I.Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2nd Series: Botany 3(10):409-–424[13]
  • M Benson (1902) A new Lycopodiaceous seed-like organ.The New Phytologist 1(3): 58-59[14]
  • M Benson (1902) The fruitification ofLyginodendron oldhamium. Annals of Botany os-16(3): 575–576[15]
  • M Benson (1904)Telangium Scotti, a new Species of Telangium (Calymmatotheca) showing structure.Annuals of Botany 18(69): 161-177[10]
  • M Benson, E Sanday, E Berridge (1906) III. Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferæ.—Part II.Carpinus Betulus.Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2nd Series: Botany 7(3):37–44[16]
  • M Benson (1908) The Sporangiophore - A Unit of Structure in the Pteridophyta.The New Phytologist 7: 143-149[17]
  • M Benson (1908) X.Miadesmia membranacea, Bertand; a new Palœozoic Lycopod with a seed-like structure.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 199 (251-261): 409-425[18]
  • M Benson (1908) On the Contents of the Pollen Chamber of a Specimen ofLagenostoma ovoides.Biological Gazette 45(6): 409-412[19]
  • M Benson and EJ Welsford (1909) The Morphology of the Ovule and female flower ofJuglans regia and of a few allied genera.Annuals of Botany 23(92):623-633[20]
  • M Benson (1910) Root Parasitism in Exocarpus (with comparative Notes on the Haustoria of Thesium).Annals of Botany, os-24 (4): 667–677[21]
  • M Benson (1911) New observations onBotryopteris antiqua, Kidston.Annuals of Botany 25(100):1045-1057[22]
  • M Benson (1912)Cordaites felicis, nov. sp., a Cordaitean leaf from the lower coal measures of England.Annuals of Botany os-26(1):201-207[11]
  • M Benson (1914) I.—Sphærostoma ovale (Conostoma ovale et intermedium, Williamson), a Lower Carboniferous Ovule from Pettycur, Fifeshire, Scotland.Earth and Environment Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 50(1): 1-17[23]
  • M Benson (1918) Mazocarpon or the Structural Sigillariostrobus.Annuals of Botany 32(128):569-589[24]
  • M Benson (1921) The grouping of vascular plants.The New Phytologist 20(2): 82-89[25]
  • M Benson (1922) Hetertheca Grievii the microsporange ofHeterangium Grievii.Botanical Gazette 74(2): 121-142[26]
  • M Benson and E Blackwell (1926) Observations on a lumbered area in Surrey from 1917 to 1925.Journal of Ecology 14(1):120-137[27]
  • M Benson (1933) The Roots and Habit of Heterangium Grievii.Annals of Botany os-47(2): 313–315[28]

See also

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References

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  • BENSON, Margaret J.,Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2016 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)
  1. ^abLinnean Society of London[1].
  2. ^abcdefH.E. Fraser & C.J.Cleal,The Contribution of British Women to Carboniferous Palaeobotany during the first half of the 20th Century, in Cynthia V. Burek & Bettie Higgs,The role of Women in the History of Geology, Geological Society of London, 2007ISBN 9781862392274, pp. 51–54
  3. ^Joy Harvey andMarilyn Ogilvie,The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century, Volume 1 (Google eBook), p. 116, Taylor & Francis US, 2000.
  4. ^abcBlackwell, E. M. (1937). "Dr. Margaret Benson (Obituary)".Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.149 (4):186–189.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1937.tb00139.x.
  5. ^abcdefghijCreese, Mary R S (2004). "Benson, Margaret Jane".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46416.(Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
  6. ^A collection of drawings by the Bourne family (c1773–1854). Bourne, James, 1773-1854, of 7 Somerset Street, Portman Square, London; Bourne, Edmunda, fl 1820–1844, of 7 North Crescent, Hertford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^abcdCreese, Mary R S (2000).Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800–1900: A survey of their contributions to research. 0810832879: Scarecrow Press. p. 39.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ^abFara, Patricia (2018).A lab of one's own. Oxford University Press. p. 126.ISBN 9780198794981.
  9. ^Joyce Harvey and Marilyn Ogilvie,The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century, Volume 1 (Google eBook), p. 116, Taylor & Francis US, 2000.
  10. ^abBenson, M. (1904)."Telangium Scotti, a new Species of Telangium (Calymmatotheca) showing Structure".Annals of Botany.18 (69):161–177.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088950.ISSN 0305-7364.JSTOR 43235563.
  11. ^abBenson, Margaret (1 January 1912)."Cordaites Felicis, sp. nov., a Cordaitean Leaf from the Lower Coal Measures of England".Annals of Botany. os-26 (1):201–207.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089385.ISSN 0305-7364.
  12. ^Toogood, Mark D.; Waterton, Claire F. J.; Heim, M. Wallace (April 2020)."Women scientists and the Freshwater Biological Association, 1929–1950".Archives of Natural History.47 (1):16–28.doi:10.3366/anh.2020.0618.S2CID 204475518. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved21 April 2020.
  13. ^Benson, Margaret (1 November 1893)."XI. Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferæ.—Part I".Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2nd Series: Botany.3 (10):409–424.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1894.tb00624.x.ISSN 1945-9351.
  14. ^Benson, Margaret (1902)."A New Lycopodiaceous Seed-Like Organ".The New Phytologist.1 (3):58–59.Bibcode:1902NewPh...1...58B.doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1902.tb06555.x.ISSN 0028-646X.JSTOR 2427331.
  15. ^Benson, Margaret (1 September 1902)."The Fructification of Lyginodendron Oldhamium".Annals of Botany. os-16 (3):575–576.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088890.ISSN 0305-7364.
  16. ^Berridge, Emily; Sanday, Elizabeth; Benson, Margaret (1 April 1906). "III. Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferæ.—Part II. Carpinus Betulus".Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2nd Series: Botany.7 (3):37–44.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1906.tb00150.x.ISSN 1945-9351.
  17. ^Benson, M. (1908)."The Sporangiophore-A Unit of Structure in the Pteridophyta".The New Phytologist.7 (6/7):143–149.Bibcode:1908NewPh...7..143B.doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1908.tb06081.x.ISSN 0028-646X.JSTOR 2427255.
  18. ^Benson Margaret; Scott Dukinfield Henry (1 January 1908)."X. Miadesmia membranacea, Bertand; a new Palœozoic Lycopod with a seed-like structure".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character.199 (251–261):409–425.doi:10.1098/rstb.1908.0010.
  19. ^Benson, Margaret (1908)."On the Contents of the Pollen Chamber of a Specimen of Lagenostoma ovoides".Botanical Gazette.45 (6):409–412.doi:10.1086/329595.ISSN 0006-8071.JSTOR 2467224.S2CID 85036280.
  20. ^BENSON, M.; WELSFORD, E. J. (1909). "The Morphology of the Ovule and Female Flower of Juglans regia and of a few allied Genera".Annals of Botany.23 (92):623–633.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089244.ISSN 0305-7364.JSTOR 43235811.
  21. ^Benson, Margaret (1 October 1910)."Root Parasitism in Exocarpus (with comparative Notes on the Haustoria of Thesium)".Annals of Botany. os-24 (4):667–677.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089297.ISSN 0305-7364.
  22. ^BENSON, MARGARET (1911). "New Observations on Botryopteris antiqua, Kidston".Annals of Botany.25 (100):1045–1057.ISSN 0305-7364.JSTOR 43236750.
  23. ^Benson, Margaret J. (1914)."I.—Sphærostoma ovale (Conostoma ovale et intermedium, Williamson), a Lower Carboniferous Ovule from Pettycur, Fifeshire, Scotland".Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.50 (1):1–17.doi:10.1017/S0080456800017245.ISSN 2053-5945.S2CID 83832002.
  24. ^BENSON, MARGARET J. (1918). "Mazocarpon or the Structural Sigillariostrobus".Annals of Botany.32 (128):569–589.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089693.ISSN 0305-7364.JSTOR 43236279.
  25. ^Benson, Margaret (1921)."The Grouping of Vascular Plants".The New Phytologist.20 (2):82–89.Bibcode:1921NewPh..20...82B.doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1921.tb05774.x.ISSN 0028-646X.JSTOR 2427971.
  26. ^Benson, Margaret (1922)."Heterotheca Grievii the Microsporange of Heterangium Grievii".Botanical Gazette.74 (2):121–142.doi:10.1086/333069.ISSN 0006-8071.JSTOR 2469795.
  27. ^Benson, Margaret; Blackwell, Elizabeth (1926). "Observations on a Lumbered Area in Surrey from 1917 to 1925".Journal of Ecology.14 (1):120–137.Bibcode:1926JEcol..14..120B.doi:10.2307/2255785.ISSN 0022-0477.JSTOR 2255785.
  28. ^Benson, M. (1 April 1933). "The Roots and Habit of Heterangium Grievii".Annals of Botany. os-47 (2):313–315.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090386.ISSN 0305-7364.

External links

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  Media related toMargaret Jane Benson at Wikimedia Commons

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