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Mandate for Mesopotamia

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Proposed League of Nations Mandate for Iraq

This article is about the instrument proposed by the League of Nations to grant Britain a mandate over Mesopotamia (Iraq). For the actual British rule in the region, seeMandatory Iraq.

Draft Mandate for Mesopotamia
Draft mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine as submitted for the approval of theLeague of Nations on 7 December 1920
Created	1920 (draft only)
Ratified	Not ratified
Author	League of Nations
Purpose	Proposed creation of the territory ofMesopotamia. TheKingdom of Iraq was created instead

Part ofa series on the
History ofIraq

Prehistory Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture (Eridu) Uruk period Jemdet Nasr Period
Bronze Age Early Dynastic Period Sumer Hamazi Akkadian Empire Gutian Dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Assyria Isin-Larsa period Simurrum Babylonia First Babylonian Empire Kassites Middle Assyrian Empire Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire
Iron Age Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Roman Mesopotamia Araba Sasanian Asorestan Sasanian Arbayistan
Middle Ages Islamic conquest Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Hamdanids Buyid amirate of Iraq Marwanids Uqaylids Al-Mazeedi Ayyubids Seljuk Empire Atabegs of Azerbaijan Zengids Ilkhanate Jalairid Sultanate Timurid Empire Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu
Early modern period Safavid Iraq Ottoman Iraq Kingdom of Khaza'il Mamluk Iraq
Modern Iraq Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Republic of Iraq (1958–68) Ba'athist rule (1968–2003) Occupation (2003–11) Recent history
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TheMandate for Mesopotamia (Arabic:الانتداب على بلاد ما بين النهرين,romanized: al-Intidāb ʿalā Bilād mā bayn an-Nahrayn) was a proposedLeague of Nations mandate to coverOttoman Iraq. It would have been entrusted to theUnited Kingdom but was superseded by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty, an agreement between Britain and Iraq with some similarities to the proposed mandate. On paper, the mandate lasted from 1920 to 1932.

The proposed mandate was awarded on 25 April 1920 at theSan Remo Conference, inItaly, in accordance with the 1916Sykes–Picot Agreement but was not yet documented or defined.^[1] It was to be aclass A mandate under Article 22 of theCovenant of the League of Nations. A draft mandate document was prepared by the BritishColonial Office in June 1920 and submitted in draft form to the League of Nations in December 1920.

Immediately after the end of theFirst World War, SirArnold Wilson, the future High Commissioner to Iraq, recommended the annexation of Mesopotamia to theBritish Raj "as a colony of India and the Indians, such as the government of India administer it and gradually cultivate its vast plains, and settle the warriorPunjab races in it".^[2] In amemorandum written on 22 April 1918, Cox listed the social groups that the British should support: the Jewish community in Baghdad, the notables in Baghdad and Basara, the rich landowning Arabs and Jews, and the Shaikhs of sedentary tribes.^[3] Mosul was added to the region of British influence following the1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement.

The proposed mandate faced certain difficulties to be established, as anationwide Iraqi revolt broke out in 1920 after which it was decided the territory would become theKingdom of Iraq, via the Anglo-Iraq Treaty of October 1922.^[1] The Kingdom of Iraq became independent in 1931–1932,^[1] in accordance with the League of Nations stance, which stated such states would be facilitated into "progressive development" as fully independent states.^[1]

The civil government ofBritish-administered Iraq was headed originally by theHigh Commissioner, SirPercy Cox, and his deputy, ColonelArnold Wilson. Britishreprisals after the murder of a British officer inNajaf failed to restore order. British administration had yet to be established in the mountains of northern Iraq. The most striking problem facing the British was the growing anger of the nationalists, who felt betrayed at being accorded mandate status.^{[citation needed]}

Maps

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Map presented byT. E. Lawrence to theEastern Committee of the War Cabinet in November 1918^[4]
British Map appended to 1921 CAB24/120 cabinet memorandum showing proposed mandates

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^dThe new Cambridge modern history. Volume xii. p.293.
^Nadhmi, Wamidh Jamal Umar (1984).Al-Judhour al-Siyasiyya wal Fikriyya wal Ijtima'yya Lilharaka al-Qawmiyya al-'Arabiyya (al-Istiqlaliyya) fil 'Iraq [The Political, Intellectual and Social Roots of the Arab Nationalist (Independent) Movement in Iraq] (in Arabic). Markaz Dirasat al-Wihda al-'Arabiyya, Beirut. p. 399.
^Nadhmi 1984, p. 275.
^"Lawrence's Mid-East map on show".Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved2013-04-21.

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. Country Studies.Federal Research Division.

Dodge, Toby "Inventing Iraq" (2009)
Fieldhouse, David K.Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914–1958 (2006)
Fisk, Robert.The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, (2nd ed. 2006),
Simons, Geoff.Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam (2nd ed. 1994)
Sluglett, Peter.Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country, 1914–1932 (2nd ed. 2007)

Iraq topics

History

Chronology	Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylonian captivity Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Araba Sassanid Asorestan Sassanid Arbayistan
638–1958	Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl.Mamluk dynasty) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation
Republic	1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011–present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (National Command) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis

Geography
Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains

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¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

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^†Singapore 1946–1963
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¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

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Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
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^†Fiji 1874–1970
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Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

v t e Mandates of theLeague of Nations (1919–1946)
Class A	Palestine Transjordan Syria and Lebanon Mesopotamia not enacted
Class B	Ruanda-Urundi Tanganyika British Cameroons French Cameroons British Togoland French Togoland
Class C	New Guinea Nauru South Seas Mandate South West Africa Western Samoa
See also:United Nations trust territories (post-1946)

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