Luhansk (UK:/luːˈhænsk/,US:/-ˈhɑːn-/;Ukrainian:Луганськ,IPA:[lʊˈɦɑnʲsʲk]ⓘ), also known asLugansk (UK:/-ˈɡæn-/,US:/-ˈɡɑːn-/;Russian:Луганск,IPA:[lʊˈɡansk]), is a city in theDonbas in easternUkraine. As of 2022, the population was estimated to be397,677 (2022 estimate),[1] making Luhansk the12th-largest city in Ukraine.
Luhansk Луганськ Lugansk | |
|---|---|
     Park of the Heroes of theGreat Patriotic War, Museum of local history, Academic Russian Drama Theatre, Radianska Street, andLuhanskteplovoz steam locomotive | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Luhansk Location of Luhansk Show map of Luhansk Oblast Luhansk Luhansk (Ukraine) Show map of Ukraine Luhansk Luhansk (Europe) Show map of Europe | |
| Coordinates:48°34′04″N39°18′11″E / 48.56778°N 39.30306°E /48.56778; 39.30306 | |
| Country | Ukraine (de jure) Russia (de facto) |
| Oblast | Luhansk Oblast (de jure) |
| Federal subject | Luhansk People's Republic (de facto) |
| Raion | Luhansk Raion (de jure) |
| Hromada | Luhansk urban hromada (de jure) |
| Urban District | Luhansk Urban District (de facto) |
| Founded | 1795 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (LPR) | Yana Pashchenko [ru] |
| Area | |
• City | 269.61 km2 (104.10 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,147 km2 (829 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 117 m (384 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
• City | 397,677 |
| • Density | 1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 527,367 |
| Postal code | 291000-291060 |
| Area code(s) | +7 (857) +7 (959) |
| Climate | Dfa |
 | |
Luhansk served as the administrative center ofLuhansk Oblast, before pro-Russian separatists seized control of the city in 2014 and made it the capital of the self-proclaimedLuhansk People's Republic. The Ukrainian administration was located inSievierodonetsk from 2014 to 2022 during thewar in Donbas, due to Ukraine not being in control of Luhansk. Sievierodonetsk wascaptured by Russia in 2022 and Luhansk Oblast was laterannexed by Russia in late 2022.
Etymology
The city was founded as a foundry in 1795-1796, following the decree of Empress Catherine II titledOn the establishment of a foundry in the Donetsk uyezd by the Lugan River. The settlement that developed around the plant was namedLugansk, deriving its name from the hydronymLugan, which itself originates from the Russian wordlug (meadow). The settlement was granted city status in 1882.
In 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilovgrad in honor of the Soviet political and military figureKliment Voroshilov. Following the adoption of a 1957 decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which prohibited naming populated places after living political figures, the city's original name, Lugansk, was restored in 1958. However, in 1970, after Voroshilov's death, the city was once again renamed Voroshilovgrad. In 1990, the name Luhansk was reinstated.[2]
History
Founding and early history
The city traces its history to 1797 when the British industrialistCharles Gascoigne, commissioned by theImperial Russian government in 1795, founded an ammunition and cannon factory for theBlack Sea Fleet.[3] Gascoigne had emigrated toSaint Petersburg years earlier, and founded factories and mines across the Russian Empire during his time there. There is a prominent bust of him in Luhansk commemorating his role in the city's founding.[4]
The factory was built in theDonets Basin (or Donbas) at the confluence of theLuhan andVilkhivka [uk] rivers. The Russian craftsmen settled upstream, at the settlement of Kamianyi Brid.[3] The name "Luhansk" comes from theLuhan River, which flows through the city. According tofolk etymology, the name is also derived to the word "Luh" (Ukrainian: Луг), which means "meadow", referring to the floodplains around the river.[citation needed]
The factory was greatly expanded during theNapoleonic Wars, and again during theCrimean War. By 1880, the factory was a large industrial node, linked by rail to other major cities and to theAzov Sea. In 1882, the Luhansk Factory was merged with Kamianyi Brid into a new settlement named Luhansk, which received city status. In 1897, Luhansk had a population of 20,400, 68.2% of whom wereRussians.[3]
In summer 1896, German industrialistGustav Hartmann [de] founded alocomotive-building company in Luhansk, which is nowLuhanskteplovoz. It became operational in 1900, and soon produced a large proportion of all locomotives in the Russian Empire.[5]
In the Soviet Union
Luhansk was economically devastated by theRussian Civil War.[6] In April 1918, Luhansk was occupied by theCentral Powers during theirinvasion of Ukraine. Then, it was taken byAnton Denikin's anti-communistVolunteer Army in May 1919, before changing hands several times. It was finally taken by theRed Army in January 1920.[3]
After the end of the war, the victoriousBolsheviks created theSoviet Union on the territory of the former Russian Empire, and began restoring the city.[6] The city grew rapidly during theinterwar period.[3] On 5 November 1935, the city was renamedVoroshilovgrad (Russian:Ворошиловград,romanized: Voroshilovgrad;Ukrainian:Ворошиловград,romanized: Voroshylovhrad) in honour of Soviet military commander and politicianKliment Voroshilov.[7] In 1938,Voroshilovgrad Oblast was established, with the city as its center.[3]
The economic recovery and development of the city was also accompanied by significant demographic change. The population grew from 72,000 to 212,000 between 1926 and 1939, and there was an influx ofUkrainians from the countryside into the city. The proportion of Ukrainians grew from 19.1% to 58.7% between 1897 and 1939, many of whom were refugees fleeing theHolodomor, a manmade famine acrossSoviet Ukraine. The Russian proportion of the population shrank to 34.5%.[3]
Voroshilovgrad became a frontline city inWorld War II after the failure ofNazi Germany'sOperation Barbarossa to capture major Soviet cities.[8] In March 1942, a grand concert featuring the work ofTaras Shevchenko was held in the city to inspire Ukrainians to fight off the invading Nazis.[3] In July 1942, Germany concentrated its forces in the area and forced the Soviets to retreat to the Volga and the North Caucasus. On 14 July 1942, German troops captured Voroshilovgrad. Locals wagedpartisan warfare against the occupation. The city was eventually liberated by theRed Army on 14 February 1943.[8]
In the postwar period, the city was rebuilt. The population recovered and grew, again alongside demographic change. More Russians were brought in to rebuild and help withindustrialization, again reducing the share of Ukrainians to a minority of 48.3% by 1959 and raising the share of Russians to 47.1%.[3]On 5 March 1958, after Khrushchev's call to not name cities after living people, the old name of Luhansk was reinstated.[7] Kliment Voroshilov himself opposed the restoration of the old name in 1958.[9] In January 1970, after the death of Kliment Voroshilov on 2 December 1969, the city's name was changed again to Voroshilovgrad.[7]
Demographic shifts continued during the late Soviet period; by 1989, Ukrainians made up 41.8% of the population and Russians had a majority of 52.4%.[3] On 4 May 1990, a decree of theSupreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR gave the city back its original name.[7]
Ukrainian independence
Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1994, a consultative referendum took place inDonetsk Oblast andLuhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting the Russian language gaining status of an official language alongsideUkrainian, and for the Russian language to be an official language on a regional level.[10]
The previous demographic trends reversed in independent Ukraine; by 2001, Ukrainians—whoincreasingly spoke Russian—were 50% of the population and Russians made up 47%. The population as a whole began to decline as the economy stagnated, dropping from 505,000 in 1992 to 424,000 in 2014.[3]
Russo–Ukrainian War
In April 2014,Russia-backed separatists seized governmental buildings in the region, proclaiming theLuhansk People's Republic (LPR), with its capital in Luhansk.[3] Anindependence referendum, unconstitutional under Ukrainian law, was held on 11 May 2014. This referendum was not recognized as legitimate by any government.[11][12] These events escalated into theWar in Donbas.
In August 2014, Ukrainian government forces completely surrounded rebel-held Luhansk.[13] Heavyshelling caused civilian casualties in the city.[14][15][16] On 17 August, Ukrainian soldiers entered the rebel-controlled Luhansk and for a time had control over a police station.[17] A statement released on 22 August byLithuanian foreign ministerLinas Antanas Linkevičius said that the Lithuanianhonorary consul in Luhansk, Mykola Zelenec, was abducted by the pro-Russian separatists and murdered.[18] Linkevičius defined the abductors as 'terrorists'.[18]
After theIlovaisk counteroffensive, LPR forces regainedLutuhyne and other Luhansk suburbs. Ukrainian forces withdrew from theLuhansk International Airport on 1 September 2014, after heavy fighting.[19]Human Rights Watch reportedhigh civilian casualties in and around the city, recording over 300 civilian deaths caused by explosive weapons between May and September 2014.[20] The temporary administration of Luhansk Oblast was moved toSievierodonetsk by the government of Ukraine.[citation needed]
On 21 November 2017,armed men in unmarked uniforms took up positions in the center of Luhansk in what appeared to be a power struggle between the head of the republicIgor Plotnitsky and the (sacked by Plotnitsky) LPR appointed interior ministerIgor Kornet.[21][22] Media reports stated that theDonetsk People's Republic, a parallel Russian-backed entity in neighboringDonetsk Oblast, had sent armed troops to Luhansk the following night.[21][22] Three days later the website of the separatists stated that Plotnitsky had resigned "for health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries, took their toll."[23] The website stated that security ministerLeonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections."[23]
Geography
Luhansk is located at the confluence of the Luhan (also known as Luhanka) and Olkhova rivers. The total area of land within the city’s boundaries is 28.6 thousand hectares.
The city's main street is Sovetskaya St., and the central venue for major public events is Theatre Square.
Climate
Luhansk has a hot summerhumid continental climate (KöppenDfa). Luhansk has both the highest and lowest temperature recorded in Ukraine. A record high of 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) was recorded on12 August 2010, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Ukraine.[24][25] A record low of −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) was recorded on 8 January 1935.[24]
| Climate data for Luhansk (1991-2020, extremes 1882–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) | 17.3 (63.1) | 24.1 (75.4) | 31.4 (88.5) | 36.6 (97.9) | 39.3 (102.7) | 40.5 (104.9) | 42.0 (107.6) | 36.8 (98.2) | 31.2 (88.2) | 24.0 (75.2) | 15.5 (59.9) | 42.0 (107.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) | 0.8 (33.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 16.4 (61.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 27.5 (81.5) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.4 (84.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 14.5 (58.1) | 5.9 (42.6) | 0.7 (33.3) | 14.8 (58.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) | −3.0 (26.6) | 2.5 (36.5) | 10.4 (50.7) | 16.5 (61.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.1 (71.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 9.1 (48.4) | 2.4 (36.3) | −2.1 (28.2) | 9.5 (49.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) | −6.3 (20.7) | −1.4 (29.5) | 4.6 (40.3) | 9.6 (49.3) | 14.3 (57.7) | 16.5 (61.7) | 15.0 (59.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.4 (39.9) | −0.8 (30.6) | −4.8 (23.4) | 4.5 (40.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.9 (−43.4) | −39.0 (−38.2) | −27.3 (−17.1) | −12.1 (10.2) | −4.5 (23.9) | −1.8 (28.8) | 4.4 (39.9) | −0.4 (31.3) | −7.2 (19.0) | −16.3 (2.7) | −26.3 (−15.3) | −29.6 (−21.3) | −41.9 (−43.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 35 (1.4) | 35 (1.4) | 34 (1.3) | 33 (1.3) | 47 (1.9) | 61 (2.4) | 65 (2.6) | 37 (1.5) | 50 (2.0) | 42 (1.7) | 36 (1.4) | 42 (1.7) | 517 (20.6) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 6 (2.4) | 10 (3.9) | 7 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (1.6) | 10 (3.9) |
| Average rainy days | 10 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 135 |
| Average snowy days | 17 | 16 | 10 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 68 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 83.3 | 80.6 | 74.8 | 63.9 | 62.2 | 63.1 | 62.0 | 60.3 | 68.4 | 76.4 | 82.6 | 84.2 | 71.8 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 50 | 75 | 127 | 188 | 279 | 292 | 319 | 298 | 215 | 134 | 64 | 38 | 2,079 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA (humidity and sun 1991–2020)[27] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
The city of Luhansk is administratively divided into four districts:
- Zhovtnevyi District (until 1964: Oktyabrsky).
The district includes the settlements of Velyka Vergunka, Mala Vergunka, Krasnyi Yar, and Veselenke. During the Soviet period, these settlements were part of the Vatutynskyi District, which was merged into Zhovtnevyi District in the 1960s.
- Artemivskyi District
Previously, this district had jurisdiction over the satellite town ofOleksandrivsk, the urban-type settlement of Yuvileine (Katerynivka), (Katerinivka), and the rural settlements of Teplychne and Dzerzhynske (Zrazkove or Prymerne).
- Leninskyi District
- Kamiano-Bridskyi District
Additionally, in 2014, three territorial administrations were established by Russian authorities:
- Yuvileine
- Oleksandrivsk
- Burchak-Mykhailivka, Mykolaivka, Pionerske, and Lobachove.
Between 2020 and 2022, as part of the city administration, three structural territorial departments were formed:
- Department for Yuvileine
- Department for Oleksandrivsk (including the settlements of Dzerzhynske and Teplychne)
- Department for the town of Shchastia
There are 49 local self-organization committees in operation.
Symbols
Ukraine-recognized Flag of Luhansk
Ukraine-recognized Coat of arms of Luhansk
Russia-recognized Flag of Luhansk since 2024
Russia-recognized Coat of arms of Luhansk since 2024
Education
Some of the more prestigious universities in Ukraine have their home in Luhansk. Luhansk is the location of the main campus of theLuhansk University,East Ukrainian National University and ofLuhansk State Medical University.
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 20,404 | — |
| 1926 | 71,006 | +248.0% |
| 1939 | 211,682 | +198.1% |
| 1959 | 274,520 | +29.7% |
| 1970 | 382,774 | +39.4% |
| 1979 | 463,047 | +21.0% |
| 1989 | 496,813 | +7.3% |
| 2001 | 463,097 | −6.8% |
| 2011 | 431,109 | −6.9% |
| 2022 | 397,677 | −7.8% |
| Source:[28] | ||
In theUkrainian Census of 2001,[29] 49.6% of the inhabitants declared themselves as ethnicallyUkrainians and 47% as Russians. 85.3% of the population spoke Russian as their native language, while 13.7% spokeUkrainian, 0.2%Armenian and 0.1%Belarusian.
Sport
Luhansk is home toZorya Luhansk which now plays in theUkrainian Premier League annualfootball championship and plays at theAvanhard Stadium. The club won the1972 Soviet Top League.
The other football team wasDynamo Luhansk.
Culture
Merheleva Ridge
On 7 September 2006, archaeologists in Ukraine announced that an ancient structure had been discovered near Luhansk, which the press reported as a pyramid antedating those in Egypt by at least 300 years. The stone foundations of the structure were said to resemble Aztec and Mayan pyramids inMesoamerica. It was later concluded that the site in question was not a pyramid but was still of great interest.
Notable people
- Vladislav Anisovich (1908–1969) a Russian and Soviet painter and art educator
- Vladimir Bobrov (1915–1970) a Sovietfighter pilot andflying ace
- Nadiya Bychkova (born 1989) a Ukrainian-Slovenian ballroom and Latin American dancer
- Vladimir Dal (1801–1872), Russianlexicographer andpolyglot
- Dov Feigin (1907-2000) an Israeli sculptor.
- Pavel Luspekayev (1927—1970) a Soviet actor
- Yulia Malinovsky (born 1975), Israeli politician
- Mikhail Matusovsky (1915–1990), Soviet poet, songwriter
- Julia Rysina (born 1989) stage nameT-DJ Milana, DJ, composer, dancer and model
- Leonid Pasechnik (born 1970) leader of the self-proclaimedLuhansk People's Republic.
- Igor Plotnitsky (born 1964) former leader of the self-proclaimedLuhansk People's Republic.
- Andriy Portnov (born 1973) a Ukrainian lawyer and politician.
- Aleksandr Ptushko (1900–1973) a Soviet animation and fantasy film director
- Nikolay Shmatko (1943–2020), sculptor, professor and painter
- Tatyana Snezhina (1972–1995) a Russian poet and singer-songwriter.
- Kostiantyn Sytnyk (1926–2017) a Ukrainian and Soviet scientist and academician
- Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969), Soviet military commander
_by_Sandro_Halank%25E2%2580%2593152.jpg)
Sport
- Sergey Andreyev (born 1956) a football manager and a former player with 617 club caps and 26 for theSoviet Union
- Valeriy Brumel (1942–2003), a Soviet high jumper; silver medallist at the1960 Summer Olympics and gold medallist at the1964 Summer Olympics
- Viktor Bryzhin (born 1962) a former sprinter, team gold medallist at the1988 Summer Olympics.
- Yelyzaveta Bryzhina (born 1989), sprinter, team bronze medallist at the2012 Summer Olympics
- Sergey Bubka (born 1963), Soviet and Ukrainianpole vaulter, former World Record holder, and gold medallist at the1988 Summer Olympics
- Vasiliy Bubka (born 1960), Soviet and Ukrainian pole vaulter
- Fedor Emelianenko (born 1976), Russian heavyweightmixed martial arts and judoka
- Vyacheslav Glazkov (born 1984) boxer, bronze medallist at the2008 Summer Olympics
- Irina Kirichenko (1937–2020) a Soviet sprint cyclist
- Serhiy Malyi (born 1990) footballer with over 150 club caps and 46 forKazakhstan
- Viktor Onopko (born 1969), Russian football player with 462 club caps and 109 forRussia
- Sergei Semak (born 1976), footballer and manager with 552 club caps and 65 forRussia
- Andriy Serdinov (born 1982), butterfly swimmer, bronze medallist at the2004 Summer Olympics.
- Oleh Shelayev ( born 1976) footballer with over 400 club caps and 36 forUkraine
- Anton Shoutvin (born 1989), Israeli basketball player
- Tetyana Skachko (born 1954) long jumper, bronze medallist at the1980 Summer Olympics
- Tetyana Tereshchuk-Antipova (born 1969), hurdler, bronze medallist at the2004 Summer Olympics
- Sergei Yuran (born 1969), football player with 276 club caps and 25 forRussia
- Oleksandr Zavarov (born 1961), Soviet and Ukrainian football player and coach with over 450 club caps and 41 for theSoviet Union
International relations
Luhansk istwinned with:
Gallery
Luhansk University
Radianska Street at night
Luhansk Hotel
St. Volodymyr Cathedral
Soviet buildings in the central city
City old hospital
Luhansk Drama Theatre
A consumer electronics and appliance store, heavily damaged as a consequence of theRusso-Ukrainian War.
Monument to the Revolution Heroes
.JPG)
See also
References
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Separatist Leader In Ukraine's Luhansk Resigns Amid Power StruggleArchived 9 May 2019 at theWayback Machine,Radio Free Europe (24 November 2017) - ^abКліматичні рекорди (in Ukrainian). Central Observatory for Geophysics. Archived fromthe original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved4 August 2016.
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External links
