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Low-floor tram

Alow-floor tram is atram that has no steps between one or more entrances and part or all of the passenger cabin. Thelow-floor design improves theaccessibility of the tram for the public, and also may provide larger windows and more airspace.[1]

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Two low floor trams, anAlstom Citadis 302 and aBombardier Flexity Classic, inAdelaide, South Australia

A low-floor tram allows accessible level access fromcurb level platforms. Level access can also be achieved either by using ahigh-floor vehicle serving high-platform stops. Currently both types are in use, depending on the station platform infrastructure in existing rail systems. Some systems may make use of former railway alignments where use of existing high platforms is desirable, while others, particularly new systems, may not have the space to site high-level platforms in urban centres.

Low-floor tram configurations

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Entry door of a low-floor tram, with "roll-in" level floor accessibility.
Entry door of a high-floor tram. Steps are visible just inside the door.

Trams traditionally had high floors, and articulated tram designs evolved with low-floor centre sections. Examples of this design areAmsterdam 11G/12G-trams and theKusttrams inBelgium.

The most common design of 100% low floor vehicles[citation needed] is themulti-articulated design. This uses short carbody sections for the wheels with longer sections between them. Examples of this are theAlstom Citadis andCombino. A different design was developed byMAN. In 1990 theGT6N was the first 100% low-floor tram. These trams are found in ten German cities (such asBremen andMunich) and in the Swedish cityNorrköping. Other designs are only partially low floor, with high floors over thebogies at the outer ends and single axle bogies under the low-floor centre section.North American light rail type vehicles frequently have a similar configuration but with a centre bogie designed to accommodate a low floor situated under a short centre section.

In Vienna,Ultra Low Floor (ULF) Trams can "kneel" at the curbside, reducing the height from the road to only 180 mm (7.1 in).

 
Wheelchair access ramp inProtram 205 WrAs tram. Low floor is approximately 360 mm (14 in) high

Some public transport companies have both low floor and high floor trams. They report that low floor trams have 15% higher maintenance costs for the rolling stock, and 20% higher maintenance costs for the infrastructure on average.[2]

Many low-floor trams have fixedbogies[3] which increase track wear and tear, while decreasing the speed at which a tram can drive through a curve (usually 4–15 km/h (2.5–9.3 mph) in 20 m (66 ft) radius curve).[4] TheŠkoda ForCity and the newestAlstom Citadis X04 try to counter the effect with pivoting bogies while maintaining 100% low floor design. Prior to the new design, pivoting bogies could only be used under high floors, hence such trams could only be part low-floor, with high-floor sections over the pivoting bogies.

Historic examples

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Brisbane Hedley-Doyle Stepless tram, No. 301

The idea of a low-floor tram dates back to the early 20th century when a number of trolley systems began experimenting with various "stepless" designs. Perhaps the most notable is the Hedley-Doyle Stepless car introduced in 1912 for use on Broadway inManhattan.[5] A number of other cities also purchased Hedley-Doyle Stepless trams after seeing their success in Manhattan. Since these cars had a unique appearance compared to any other trams running at the time, they earned a number of nicknames, includinghobble skirt cars, public welfare cars, and sow bellies.[6]

Typical floor heights

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Typical floor heights of low-floor trams are 300 to 350 mm (11.8 to 13.8 in), and theUltra Low Floor tram has a floor height of only 180 mm (7.1 in). For comparison high-floor trams are typically more than 600 mm (23.6 in) andrapid transit usingheavy rail trains has floor heights of 800 to 1,200 mm (31.5 to 47.2 in).

List of low-floor trams by country manufactured and manufacturers

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Belarus

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Belkommunmash

Canada

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Bombardier Transportation
 
Flexity Outlook inToronto
 
E-class Melbourne tram

Croatia

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Crotram
 
TMK 2200-K inZagreb

Czech Republic

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ČKD Tatra
Aliance TW Team
 
Tatra T3R.PLF (first car) inPrague
Škoda Transportation
 
Škoda 19T Electra inWrocław
Inekon Trams

France

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Alstom
 
Citadis 302 inLyon

Germany

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Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG (AEG)
Duewag
 
MGT6D inErfurt
MAN
  • NurembergN8S-NF (reconstruction with low-floor middle section)
Siemens
 
Avenio inThe Hague
Adtranz
 
Eurotram inStrasbourg

Italy

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AnsaldoBreda
Fiat Ferroviaria
Società Costruzioni Industriali Milano (Socimi)

Japan

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Alna Sharyo [ja]
 
Little Dancer Type C inHakodate
Kinki Sharyo
Niigata Transys

Poland

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Konstal
 
Konstal 114Na inGdańsk
Modertrans
  • Moderus Beta MF 01, MF 13, MF 14 AC BD, MF 18 (reconstruction with low-floor middle section)
  • Moderus Beta MF 02 AC, MF 15 AC, MF 16 AC BD, MF 19 AC (new trams with low-floor middle section)
Pesa
 
Pesa Swing 122NbT inToruń
Protram
Solaris Bus & Coach

Romania

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Astra Vagoane Călători
 
Astra imperio in cluj napoca
URAC Bucharest

Russian Federation

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PTMZ (Petěrburgskij tramvajno-mechaničeskij zavod)
UKVZ (Usť-Katavskij vagonstrojitělnyj zavod imeni Sergeje Mironoviče Kirova)
 
71-628 inTaganrog
 
71-639 (Castor) inYekaterinburg
Uraltransmash
Tver Carriage Works (PC Transport Systems contract)

Spain

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Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF)
 
Urbos trams inBudapest
Vossloh España

Switzerland

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ABB
 
Tango tram fromBasel on test inZürich
Stadler Rail

Turkey

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Durmazlar
Bozankaya

Ukraine

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Electrontrans
 
Electron T5L64 inLviv
Tatra-Yug

Other trams

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"The joy of high ceilings (also called low floors)".Human Transit. Retrieved2010-02-22.
  2. ^Prof. Dr. Ing. Thomas Siefer (March 2010)."Abschlussbericht - Entwicklung des Stadtbahnnetzes Hannover - Studie zum Einsatz von Niederflurfahrzeugen" [Final report: Development of the Hanover light rail network - Study on the use of low-floor vehicles](PDF) (in German). Institut für Verkehrswesen, Eisenbahnbau und -betrieb (TU Braunschweig). p. 111. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2014-02-22. Retrieved2012-02-18.Eine weitere Erknenntnis der Unternehmem, die sowohl Hochflur-, als auch Niederflurfahrzeuge im Einsatz haben, ist der direkte Kostenvergleich beider Systeme. Für die Wartung und Instandhaltung der Fahrzeuge werden im Mittel Mehrkosten in Höhe von 20% genannt. Für die Wartung und Instandhaltung der Infrastruktur werden beim Einsatz von Niederflurfahrzeugen um 15% höhere Kosten ermittelt.
  3. ^"Zelingr, Heptner"(PDF). Retrieved2010-05-12.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^"ČVUT.cz - Čapek, Kolář"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved2010-05-12.
  5. ^ab"A Novelty in Car Construction, The "Stepless" type of the New York Railways Company".Brill Magazine.VI (3). J. G. Brill Company:73–84. 1912. Retrieved2012-08-17.
  6. ^"San Diego Electric Railway San Diego Class I Electric Streetcar Bodies No. 126, 128 & 138"(PDF). pp. 24–25. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-05-06. Retrieved2012-08-17.

External links

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