TheLopingian is the uppermostseries/lastepoch of thePermian.[4] It is the last epoch of thePaleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by theGuadalupian and followed by theEarly Triassic.
| Lopingian | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 259.51 ± 0.21 – 251.902 ± 0.024Ma | |||||||||||||
.png) A map of Earth as it appeared 255 million years ago during the Lopingian Epoch, Wuchiapingian Age | |||||||||||||
| Chronology | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Etymology | |||||||||||||
| Name formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Synonym(s) | Late/Upper Permian | ||||||||||||
| Usage information | |||||||||||||
| Celestial body | Earth | ||||||||||||
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) | ||||||||||||
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale | ||||||||||||
| Definition | |||||||||||||
| Chronological unit | Epoch | ||||||||||||
| Stratigraphic unit | Series | ||||||||||||
| Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary definition | FAD of theConodontClarkina postbitteri postbitteri | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary GSSP | Penglaitan Section,Laibin, Guangxi, China 23°41′43″N109°19′16″E / 23.6953°N 109.3211°E /23.6953; 109.3211 | ||||||||||||
| Lower GSSP ratified | 2004[2] | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary definition | FAD of the ConodontHindeodus parvus. | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary GSSP | Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E /31.0798; 119.7058 | ||||||||||||
| Upper GSSP ratified | 2001[3] | ||||||||||||
The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal termslate Permian orupper Permian.
The name was introduced byAmadeus William Grabau in 1931 and derives fromLeping, Jiangxi in China.[5] It consists of twostages/ages. The earlier is theWuchiapingian and the later is theChanghsingian.[6]
TheInternational Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07)[4] provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If aGlobal Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for theWuchiapingian has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.[7][8]
Evidence fromMilankovitch cycles suggests that the length of an Earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours.[9]
Geography
editDuring the Lopingian, most of the earth was in the supercontinentPangaea. TheZechstein sea, would, at times, be connected to the Paleotethys; Other features of the earth during the time were theMicrocontinentCathaysia; And theCimmerian superterrane, which divided theTethys Ocean realm into thePaleo-Tethys Ocean and the slowly expandingNeotethys Ocean.
Life
editThe Lopingian ended with thePermian–Triassic extinction event, where over 95% ofspecies wentextinct.
The series follows theGuadalupian, which ended with theCapitanian mass extinction, during which many species ofbrachiopods,ammonoids and other groups went extinct.[10]
Conodonts would reach their all-time low during this period, despite this, they are recovered from most marine Permian localities.[11] Common conodonts from the Lopingian include the generaClarkina andHindeodus.
The Lopingian would see the decline of the Paleozoicammonoidorders (Goniatitida andProlecanitida) and the rise of the orderCeratitida, especially within the superfamilyXenodiscoidea.[12]
Only seventrilobites are known from the Lopingian, with only five by the end of the epoch. One of the last members of this clade wasKathwaia capitorosa.[13]
Eurypterids were nearly extinct by this point, consisting of the possibly LopingianCampylocephalus permicus of Russia; and theChanghsingianWoodwardopterus? freemanorum of Australia.[14]
A member of the extantHorseshoe crab family,Limulidae;Guangyuanolimulus appears at the end of the period.[15]
On land,gorgonopsians would become the apex predators after the extinction of theDinocephalians, Other predators include theTherocephalians. Herbivorous animals of the Lopingian include thepareiasaurs such asScutosaurus ordicynodonts, such asDicynodon.
Fossil gallery
edit
Smilesaurus ferox, one of the most fearsomepredators of the Lopingian
Skull ofDicynodon, adicynodont.
Scutosaurus, a common herbivore during the late Permian
_Figure_26.png)
See also
edit- Geologic time scale – System that relates geologic strata to time
- Cisuralian – First series of the Permian
References
edit- ^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"(PDF).International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved16 December 2024.
- ^Jin, Yugan; Shen, Shuzhong; Henderson, Charles; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006)."The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)"(PDF).Episodes.29 (4):253–262.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/003. Retrieved13 December 2020.
- ^Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001)."The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary"(PDF).Episodes.24 (2):102–114.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Retrieved8 December 2020.
- ^abInternational Commission on Stratigraphy."Chart". Retrieved10 July 2018.
- ^Zhang, Shouxin (2009).Geological Formation Names of China (1866–2000). Beijing/Dordrecht: Higher Education Press/Springer. p. 681.ISBN 978-7-040-25475-4.
- ^Allaby, Michael (2015).A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001.ISBN 9780199653065.
- ^International Commission on Stratigraphy."GSSPs". Retrieved10 July 2018.
- ^Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521786737.
- ^Wu, Huaichun; Zhang, Shihong; Hinnov, Linda A.; Jiang, Ganqing; Feng, Qinglai; Li, Haiyan; Yang, Tianshui (13 September 2013)."Time-calibrated Milankovitch cycles for the late Permian".Nature Communications.4: 2452.Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2452W.doi:10.1038/ncomms3452.PMC 3778519.PMID 24030138.S2CID 6477972.
- ^Bond, David; Hilton, Jason; Wignall, Paul; Ali, Jason; Stevens, Liadan; Sun, Yadong; Lai, Xulong (2010). "The Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction on land and in the oceans".Earth-Science Reviews.102 (1–2):100–116.Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..100B.doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004.
- ^Wardlaw, R. B. (1995). "Permian Conodonts". In Scholle, P.A.; Peryt, T.M.; Ulmer-Scholle, D.S. (eds.).The Permian of Northern Pangea. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 186–195.doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_12.ISBN 978-3-642-78595-5.
- ^Leonova, T.B. (2016). "Major trends in the evolution of Permian ammonoids".Paleontological Journal.50 (2):131–140.Bibcode:2016PalJ...50..131L.doi:10.1134/S0031030116020039.
- ^"The last Trilobites".www.Trilobites.info.
- ^Poschmann, Marjus J.; Rozefelds, Andrew (2022)."The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction".Historical Biology.34 (10):2020–2030.Bibcode:2022HBio...34.2020P.doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033.
- ^Hu, Shixue; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Benton, Michael J.; Huang, Jinyuan; Wen, Wen; Min, Xiao; Zhang, Qiyue; Zhou, Changyong; Ma, Zhixin (15 September 2022)."A new horseshoe crab from the Permian-Triassic transition of South China: Xiphosurids as key components of post-extinction trophic webs".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.602: 111178.doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111178.ISSN 0031-0182.