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Lilu (mythology)

Alilu orlilû is the masculineAkkadian word for a spirit or demon. A female lilû was called a lilītu orardat-lilî. Together, these were a class of demon that the ancient Mesopotamians believed emerged from the unfulfilled spirits of adolescents who died beforemarriage or conceiving children. "Lilû" and its root word lil- also show wider meanings linked to spirits, desolation, and wild creatures.

History

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Scurlock and Andersen (2005) attribute the origin of "the lilû class of demons" (pg. 434) to treatment of neurological andmental disorders as well asSTDs such assyphilis (pg. 95).[1] An abundance ofcuneiform text characterizes the lilû as "teenage demons". (pg. 273). As these demons were thought to afflict members of the opposite sex, lilû were often held responsible for illnesses afflicting girls (pg. 434). Scurlock and Andersen suggest an association with Istar, although not necessarily positively, as one ardat-lilî was described as "mistreated by the hand of Istar" (pg. 434, pg.273).

In Sumerian and Akkadian literature

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InAkkadian literature hlilu occurs.[2] InSumerian literature lili occurs.[3] Dating of specific Akkadian, Sumerian, andBabylonian texts mentioninglilu (masculine),lilitu (female) andlili (female) are haphazard. In older scholarship, such asR. Campbell Thompson'sThe Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia (1904), specific text references are rarely given. An exception is K156 which mentions anardat lili.[4]Heinrich Zimmern (1917) tentatively identifiedvardat lilitu KAT3, 459 as paramour oflilu.[5][6]

Acuneiform inscription[which?] listslilû alongside other wicked beings fromMesopotamian mythology and folklore:

The wickedUtukku who slays man alive on the plain.
The wickedAlû who covers (man) like a garment.
The wickedEdimmu, the wickedGallû, who bind the body.
The Lamme (Lamashtu), theLammea (Labasu), who cause disease in the body.
The Lilû who wanders in the plain.
They have come nigh unto a suffering man on the outside.
They have brought about a painful malady in hisbody.

Sumerian King List

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In theSumerian King List the father ofGilgamesh is said to be alilu.[8]

'Spirit in the tree' in the Gilgamesh cycle

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Tablet XII, datedc. 600 BCE, is a laterAssyrianAkkadian translation of the latter part of theSumerianEpic of Gilgamesh.[9] It describes a 'spirit in the tree' referred to aki-sikil-lil-la-ke. Suggested translations for theTablet XII 'spirit in the tree' includeki-sikil as "sacred place",lil as "spirit", andlil-la-ke as "water spirit".[10] but also simply "owl", given that thelil builds a home in the trunk of the tree.[11]

Theki-sikil-lil-la-ke is associated with a serpent and azu bird.[a] InGilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld, ahuluppu tree grows inInanna's garden inUruk, whose wood she plans to use to build a new throne. After ten years of growth, she comes to harvest it and finds a serpent living at its base, a Zu bird raising young in its crown, and that aki-sikil-lil-la-ke made a house in its trunk. Gilgamesh is said to have killed the snake, and then the zu bird flew away to the mountains with its young, while theki-sikil-lil-la-ke fearfully destroys its house and runs for the forest.[12][13]

Relationship to HebrewLilith andlilin

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Judit M. Blair wrote a thesis on the relation of the Akkadian wordlilu, or its cognates, to theHebrew wordlilith inIsaiah 34:14, which is thought to be a night bird.[14] The Babylonian concept of lilu may be more strongly related to the laterTalmudic concept ofLilith (female) andlilin (female);Hebrew:לילין). InJewish mythology,Lilin is a term for night spirits.[15][16] In theSyriac Apocalypse of Baruch,lilin come from the desert[b] and they are similar toshedim.[17]

Samuel Noah Kramer (1932, published 1938)[18] translatedki-sikil-lil-la-ke asLilith in "Tablet XII" of theEpic of Gilgamesh. Identification ofki-sikil-lil-la-ke asLilith is stated inDictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (1999).[19] According to a new source[which?] fromLate Antiquity, Lilith appears in aMandaic magic story where she is considered to represent the branches of a tree with other demonic figures that form other parts of the tree, though this may also include multiple "Liliths".[20] A connection between the Gilgameshki-sikil-lil-la-ke and the Jewish Lilith was rejected on textual grounds by Sergio Ribichini (1978).[21]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Kramer translates the zu as "owl", but most often it is translated as "eagle", "vulture", or "bird of prey".
  2. ^R. H. Charles translation

References

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  1. ^Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian medicine: ancient sources 2005 "The reason for the attribution of this disorder to the lilu was probably that the majority of patients developed characteristic symptoms in adolescence or early adulthood. This pattern of onset is characteristic of some mental disorders"
  2. ^Deliver Me from Evil: Mesopotamian Incantations, 2500-1500 BC - Page 149 Graham Cunningham - 1997 "Partly or wholly bilingual incantations in the Old Babylonian period (continued)
    Text 313: Geller 1989 text An, Malluhi, Directed against witchcraft PBS 1/2 122 b Enki, Utu Features divine dialogue" (partly bilingual)
  3. ^Deliver Me from Evil: Mesopotamian Incantations, 2500-1500 BC - Page 177 Graham Cunningham - 1997 "This is particularly the case in Sumerian incantations, with only two of the daimons specified in Sumerian texts being mentioned in Akkadian incantations, Lamastu and to a lesser degreeArdat Lili. In contrast to the Sumerian attribution "
  4. ^Thompson p.XXXVIII
  5. ^Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluß. Leipzig, 1917
  6. ^Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur - Page 76 James Alan Montgomery - 2011 "So in the Talmud they dwell in the beams and crevices, the cesspools, etc.,52 even as in Greek magic demons 45 Acc. to Zimmern, KAT3, 459 = paramour of lilu. Better Thompson. (Devils, etc., i, p. xxxvii, Semitic Magic, 65), who regards the ..."
  7. ^Major-General SirH. C. Rawlinson.Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. 4 (Semitic). ed.Theophilus Pinches.London:British Museum, 1861–64, 1891.
  8. ^Raphael Patai, p. 221, The Hebrew Goddess: Third Enlarged Edition,ISBN 978-0-8143-2271-0
  9. ^George, A.The epic of Gilgamesh: the Babylonian epic poem and other texts in Akkadian 2003 p. 100Tablet XII. Appendix The last Tablet in the 'Series of Gilgamesh'
  10. ^Roberta Sterman SabbathSacred tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qur'an as literature and culture 2009
  11. ^Sex and gender in the ancient Near East: proceedings of the 47thRencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2–6, 2001, Part 2 p. 481
  12. ^Chicago Assyrian Dictionary. Chicago:University of Chicago. 1956.
  13. ^Hurwitz (1980)p. 49
  14. ^Blair J. M. De-demon. ising the Old Testament: An Investigation of Azazel
  15. ^"LILITH - JewishEncyclopedia.com".Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved21 September 2016.
  16. ^"DEMONOLOGY - JewishEncyclopedia.com".Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved21 September 2016.
  17. ^Charles, Robert Henry (1896).The Apocalypse of Baruch. A. and C. Black. p. 16. Retrieved21 September 2016 – viaInternet Archive.Lilin.
  18. ^Kramer, S. N.Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree: A Reconstructed Sumerian Text. Assyriological Studies 10. Chicago. 1938
  19. ^Manfred Hutter article inKarel van der Toorn, Bob Becking,Pieter Willem van der Horst – 1999 pp. 520–521, article cites Hutter's own 1988 workBehexung, Entsühnung und HeilungEisenbrauns 1988. pp. 224–228
  20. ^Müller-Kessler, C. (2002) "A Charm against Demons of Time", in C. Wunsch (ed.), Mining the Archives. Festschrift Christopher Walker on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (Dresden), p. 185
  21. ^Ribichini, S.Lilith nell-albero Huluppu Pp. 25 inAtti del 1° Convegno Italiano sul Vicino Oriente Antico, Rome, 1976
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