Krakatoa, East of Java is a 1968 Americandisaster film starringMaximilian Schell andBrian Keith.^[4] During the 1970s, the film was re-released under the titleVolcano. The story is loosely based on events surrounding the1883 eruption of thevolcano on the island ofKrakatoa, with the characters engaged in the recovery of a cargo ofpearls from a shipwreck perilously close to the volcano. The film was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Special Visual Effects. Krakatoa is actually west ofJava, but the movie's producers thought that "East" sounded more atmospheric.^[5]

Krakatoa, East of Java
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Bernard L. Kowalski
Written by	Bernard Gordon Clifford Newton Gould
Produced by	William R. Forman Philip Yordan
Starring	Maximilian Schell Diane Baker Brian Keith Sal Mineo Sumi Haru
Music by	Frank De Vol Mack David
Production company	Security Pictures
Distributed by	Cinerama Releasing Corporation
Release dates	December 26, 1968 (1968-12-26) (Sweden) January 9, 1969 (1969-01-09) (Tokyo) May 14, 1969 (1969-05-14) (United States) [1][2]
Running time	131 min
Language	English
Box office	$3.7 million (US/Canadarentals)[3]

In 1883, thevolcano on the island ofKrakatoa begins to erupt, terrorizing the children at a mission school inPalembang on nearbySumatra. InAnjer,Java, thesteamerBatavia Queen, commanded by Captain Chris Hanson, takes aboard passengers: Douglas Rigby, owner and operator of a diving bell; balloonists Giovanni and Leoncavallo Borghese;diver Harry Connerly; Connerly's mistress Charley Adams; four female Japanesepearl divers led by Toshi; and Laura Travis, who had an extramarital affair with Hanson inBatavia. Laura was married to an abusive man with whom she had a son named Peter. When she asked for a divorce in order to stay with Hanson, her husband left her, taking both Peter and a fortune inpearls with him aboard the steamerArianna. TheArianna had sunk off Krakatoa, and a guilt-ridden Laura, fearing that Peter had died, had spent a year in amental institution.

Hanson has organized the voyage to find theArianna,salvage the pearls, and find Peter if he is still alive. Colonial authorities arrive just before theBatavia Queen departs and force Hanson to take 30 convicts and their jailer aboard for transportation toMadura Island. Hanson plans to deliver the convicts to Madura after recovering the pearls off Krakatoa. One of the prisoners, Lester Danzig, is an acquaintance of Hanson's, and Hanson allows him to make the voyage on deck instead of in the hold. A colonial official warns that the island is a "raging volcano", but Hanson ignores him.

During the voyage to Krakatoa, her crew and passengers observe strange phenomena:seabirds swarming in huge flocks by day, a series of fiery explosions erupting from the sea, and a high-pitched, ear-splitting sound like that of escapingsteam. Danzig discovers that Connerly is secretly usinglaudanum to kill the pain of a lung disease because it might interfere with his diving abilities. Danzig informs Connerly of Laura's time in the mental institution, calling into question the veracity of her story about the pearls. The Borgheses, Connerly, Charley, Rigby, and Toshi confront Hanson, but he assures them that her story is true.

TheBatavia Queen arrives off Krakatoa to find the island shrouded in thick smoke. After it clears the Borgheses ascend in their balloon while Rigby descends in his diving bell. The Borgheses discover the wreck of theArianna and guide theBatavia Queen and the submerged Rigby to it. Immediately afterwards, the motor driving the steeringpropeller fails and they careen helplessly into volcano's crater. They jettison the useless engine to reduce weight and are blown clear by a volcanic explosion which sets their balloon afire. Drifting away from the island, they leap into the sea and are rescued.

Danzig tells Hanson of Connerly's lung problems, and Hanson decides that he will dive instead of Connerly. While Connerly and Hanson argue, Rigby's diving bell becomes snagged oncoral. The pearl divers, Hanson, and Connerly all dive into the water to free Rigby. While everyone is occupied, Danzig steals a pistol and frees the prisoners. They take over the ship, throw the jailer overboard, and imprison the passengers and crew in the hold. Unaware of the events aboard theBatavia Queen, Hanson and Connerly find theArianna's safe, and attach a cable to it to have it hoisted aboard. Upon their return, Danzig has Connerly lowered into the hold but forces Hanson to look on at gunpoint as he opens theArianna's safe. They find nothing inside but a cheappocket watch. When an explosion on Krakatoa distracts Danzig, Hanson overpowers him, and manages to drive the remaining prisoners off the ship.

After Hanson frees the passengers and crew, Rigby finds another compartment in the safe which contains theArianna'slogbook. The logbook reveals theArianna made a port call at Palembang before sinking, and a letter tucked into the logbook says Peter disembarked there to attend the mission school. Hanson steams to Palembang to find Peter. By now, Krakatoa is erupting continually, hurlinglava bombs into the surrounding sea. Toshi is killed when one of the lava bombs strikes her.

TheBatavia Queen arrives off Palembang to find the mission school heavily damaged and abandoned. Hanson hails a passingjunk and is informed that the school's staff and students had fled Palembang that morning, intending to sail to Java. TheBatavia Queen comes to the assistance of a sinkingsampan, which proves to be the school's boat. TheBatavia Queen's rescue everyone aboard the sampan, including Peter, who has a joyful reunion with Laura. A chest belonging to Peter is brought aboard theBatavia Queen. It contains the missing pearls, and Connerly, Rigby, the Borgheses, and the three surviving pearl divers receive their shares of the fortune.

Krakatoa's violent explosions increase; Hanson assumes that they will cause atsunami and prepares theBatavia Queen to ride it out. Hanson attempts to assure Connerly that they will be safer on the ship, but Connerly demands that he and any other passenger be allowed to disembark. Giovanni Borghese, Charley, and the three surviving pearl divers join Connerly in the lifeboat and row to Anjer.

Krakatoa disintegrates in one final, cataclysmic explosion, which generates an enormous tsunami. It strikes Anjer shortly after theBatavia Queen's lifeboat arrives; unable to outrun the wave, Connerly and Charley embrace for the last time before the wave engulfs and kills them. At sea, Hanson, Laura, Peter, Rigby, Leoncavallo Borghese, the refugees from the mission school, and the ship's crew ride out the tsunami successfully aboard theBatavia Queen.

(as given in end credits)

• Maximilian Schell as Captain Chris Hanson
• Diane Baker as Laura Travis
• Brian Keith as Harry Connerly
• Barbara Werle as Charley Adams
• Sal Mineo as Leoncavallo Borghese
• Rossano Brazzi as Giovanni Borghese
• John Leyton as Dr. Douglas Rigby
• J.D. Cannon as Lester Danzig
• Jacqui Chan as Toshi
• Rob't Hall as Guard [spelled "Robert" in opening credits]
• Victoria Young as Kiko
• Marc Lawrence as Mr. Jacobs (First Mate)
• Midori Arimoto as Midori
• Niall MacGinnis as Harbor Master (David)
• Joseph Hann as Mr. Kuan (Second Mate)
• Sumi Haru as Sumi
• Geoffrey Holder as Sailor
• Alan Hoskins as Jan
• Peter Kowalski as Peter Travisi

Additionally,Peter Graves is listed in the opening credits.

In February 1955 Philip Yordan announced he would write and produce a film of the Krakatoa eruption with a budget of US$2 million to US$3 million being spent onspecial effects. It was going to be the first film made under Yordan's contract withColumbia Pictures.Jerry Wald would be executive producer.^[6][7] It took a number of years for the movie to be made, and in the meantime Yordan started making movies inSpain. In January 1967 he said he intended to film background footage for the movie inIndonesia and wantedRock Hudson to star.^[8]

In February 1967Milo Frank arrived inMadrid to begin supervising production of the film.Bernard L. Kowalski was attached to direct;^[9] Kowalski was best known for histelevision work, including thepilots forMission Impossible,The Rat Patrol,The Monroes, andN.Y.P.D.. The director said "That seemed to impress the Cinerama people who were looking for a young director who could handle what looked to be a pretty difficult picture."^[10] The script was co-written byBernard Gordon, ablacklisted writer who did a number of scripts for Yordan under pseudonyms.^[11]

In an unusual approach to making the film, the producers ofKrakatoa, East of Java had thespecial effects scenes shot before the script had been completed. The script then was written so as to incorporate the special effects sequences.^[12]

The Frenchfilm director,art director,production designer,set designer, andscreenwriterEugène Lourié had worked for the film's producers as art and special-effects director for the 1965 movieCrack in the World, and they hired him to create the special effects forKrakatoa, East of Java.

In 1965, Lourié scouted the coast ofSpain for a suitable steamer for use in the film as the fictionalBatavia Queen; ultimately he chose acargo ship – a formerpassenger-cargo ship employed as atramp steamer between Spain andMorocco – he found unloadingcoal at a pier inBilbao whose captain said she had been built inEngland sometime around 1880.

Lourié had the steamer remodeled inMálaga, Spain, at ashipyard which transformed her into theBatavia Queen by increasing the height of herfunnel andmasts and installing newyards on her masts and a newbowsprit and carved woodenfigurehead on herbow. The steamer also was provided with functioningsails for her masts and yards.^[12]

For special effects, Lourié's team constructed two models of the modified steamer, a one-to-ten-scale model that was 18 feet (5.5 m) long, and, for long shots of theBatavia Queen as she approaches Krakatoa, a one-to-twenty-scale model. The latter proved too small to provide realistic effects, so Lourié chose not to use it in the film, instead using only the larger model.^[12]

After considering awater tank inMalta, Lourié chose the water tank he had used for the 1964 filmFlight from Ashiya atCinecittà inRome to film special effects sequences depicting theBatavia Queen at sea. The tank was approximately 300 by 400 feet (91 by 122 m) in area and had a sky backing of 70 feet (21 m). The sequences were filmed using threeSuper Panavision 70 cameras running at three times normal speed to make the movements of the miniatures more realistic, although the cameras were not designed for such work and often overheated and required repairs. Lourié tried to disguise the miniatureBatavia Queen's lack of a crew or passengers as she gets underway for Palembang, slowly picking her way through a narrow passage under a rain of lava bombs while Krakatoa erupts nearby, by enveloping her in smoke. For the final sequence in which theBatavia Queen rides out a very large tsunami at sea, Lourié's team spent three days filming the model in the water tank in extreme conditions, creating large waves through the use of 35-foot (11 m) dump tanks with a capacity of 2,600 gallons (9,800 liters),^{[note 1]} spraying water into the tank with powerfulfire hoses, and employing awind machine to disturb the water's surface.^[12]

For sequences in which live actors are seen against a village in the background, the film employedtraveling mattes in the foreground and miniatures in the background.^[13]

Alex Weldon created thepyrotechnic sequences of Krakatoa erupting and, eventually, exploding. Scenes of the volcano erupting in the distance were created using asplit screen, with real footage of the ocean in the lower part of the frame and a flopped volcano miniature reflection added above it in an optical printer.^[14]

The visual effects, relying entirely on in-camera model work, are still impressive today and considered an immense achievement by 1969 standards, enough so for it to be nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Visual Effects. It lost toMarooned.^[15]

Lourié himself makes a non-speaking cameo appearance inKrakatoa, East of Java, portraying alighthouse keeper on the coast of Java who observes Krakatoa's final, cataclysmic explosion and enters the lighthouse to send news of it bytelegraph.^[16]

In addition to its challenging special effects, the makers ofKrakatoa, East of Java encountered various difficulties during the film's production. ProducerPhilip Yordan dropped out of the production after its special effects had already been shot, and a new associate producer came on board who commissioned a new script.^[15]

These changes in leadership led to conceptual changes that created some inconsistency in tone and odd moments in the finished film.^[15] While apparently conceivingKrakatoa, East of Java overall as a family-friendly adventure story, the producers also opted to attract a more adult audience by including some sordid and racy elements: the tortured relationship between Connerly and Charley and Laura's extramarital affair with Hanson, as well as astriptease Charley performs for Connerly in theirstate room.^[15]

At other times, the film's soundtrack is clumsily incorporated into the narrative: while performing her striptease, Charley sings a rendition of "A Nice Old-Fashioned Girl" that would be appropriate in amusical but seems strangely out of place in an adventure or disaster film, and the vocal version of the film's romantic theme song "East of Java" incongruously plays during scenes of filthy prisoners shuffling into theBatavia Queen's hold and sweating sailors performing the labor necessary to get the ship out to sea as she begins her voyage from Anjer.^[15]

Kowalski said "We had more than our share of problems because you can't control such varying conditions as weather, sea, children and animals. But nearly everyone bore up under very trying circumstances. My life was only threatened four times."^[10]

Kowalski added that "the tendency in Cinerama has been to employ wide-angle shots that show everybody in the scene. I'm not doing that. I'm cutting quickly from one shot to another so things happen. I'm also devoting much care to the characters. I think if you have a bunch of people that the audience cares about, then you can build up the big scenic effects with no difficulty."^[10]

During production ofKrakatoa, East of Java, its producers became aware that Krakatoa is, in fact, west of Java – and east of Sumatra. (Mount Tambora, onSumbawa, much less well known than Krakatoa despite its own – and even larger – cataclysmic explosion in 1815, is the violent volcano east of Java.) Despite the geographic error in the film's title, its makers chose to leave it unchanged, apparently believing that it was a more exotic title thanKrakatoa, West of Java.^{[citation needed]} Furthermore, the film aided in popularizingthe spelling "Krakatoa", as opposed to the Indonesian spelling "Krakatau".

Krakatoa, East of Java was filmed in Super Panavision 70 (with some scenes filmed inTodd-AO), and presented in70 mmCinerama in some cinemas. Appearing in cinemas as interest in Cinerama's widescreen format waned, it is the only disaster movie ever to appear in the format.^[15]

Michael Avallone wrote a novelization of the movie with the same title.

The catastrophic1883 eruption of Krakatoa destroyed most of the uninhabited island and generated tsunamis exceeding 30 meters (100 feet) in height that struck the western coast of Java and southern coast of Sumatra, killing about 35,000 people, while apyroclastic flow from the volcano that traveled across the Sunda Strait killed about another 1,000 people on Sumatra.^[17]Krakatoa, East of Java is only very loosely based on the actual events surrounding the eruption, which it uses merely as a backdrop for its storyline.

Hanson's statement early in the film that Krakatoa had been quiet for 200 years is accurate – the last eruption prior to 1883 appears to have been in 1680^[18] – and his view that the ongoing volcanic activity on the island, which had begun in May 1883, did not pose a threat to anyone not actually on Krakatoa itself reflected the attitude of many people in the area during the summer of 1883, some of whom treated the erupting volcano as a tourist attraction.^[19]

Krakatoa is actually located west, not east, of Java.

TheBatavia Queen appears to require at least three days to make the voyage from Anjer to Krakatoa. In fact, the two locations are only 31 miles (50 km) apart, and the ship could have made the voyage in a few hours.^[20]

The beginning sequence of the film depicts the fictional mission school at Palembang as lying within sight of Krakatoa; in fact, Palembang lies 354 kilometres (220 mi)^[21] from Krakatoa. Late in the film, when theBatavia Queen arrives off Palembang in search of Peter Travis, Palembang appears to be along the coast of Sumatra; however, Palembang, while accessible to ships via theMusi River, lies well inland. TheBatavia Queen finds the mission school in ruins and ablaze because of Krakatoa's eruption; although Krakatoa's eruption was audible in Palembang and the air pressure wave from its final explosion was strong enough to shake the walls of houses and cause cracks to appear in some, the town did not suffer the serious damage implied by the condition of the mission school in the film.^[22][23]

The violent and continuous explosions on Krakatoa as theBatavia Queen steams from Krakatoa to Palembang and then to the vicinity of Anjer late in the film appear to depict the final, cataclysmic eruption of the volcano on 26–27 August 1883.^[24] The huge tsunami that engulfs Anjer and itslighthouse in the film's climactic sequence is consistent with the wave that struck the west coast of Java on the morning of 27 August 1883, rising to a height of 40 meters (130 ft) atMerak and destroying both Anjer – where it was 10 metres (33 ft) tall – and the Fourth Point Lighthouse.^[25]

While theBatavia Queen, her passengers and crew, and the story of her voyage are entirely fictitious, her experience in encountering the tsunami at sea at the end of the film bears a striking resemblance to that of the interisland steamerGouverneur-Generaal Loudon, which rode out a very large tsunami while steaming in the Sunda Strait on the morning of 27 August 1883.^[26]

The film's depiction of the salvage participants dividing up the pearls among themselves is legally flawed. The pearls are not found on the wreck; they are later located in the possession of Laura's son. Nevertheless, the salvage partners divide the treasure equally. According tomaritime law, the pearls are not salvage and are the legal property of the boy. The salvage partners have no right to the pearls.^[27]

Krakatoa, East of Java received generally poor reviews, with critics claiming that the story was pedestrian, badly paced, and poorly told, and the special effects so constant and overwhelming as to become numbing.^[15]Vincent Canby inThe New York Times was one of those disappointed with the special effects, claiming that he recognized "volcanic rock that had flown by me before."^[28] However, a few critics declared the film enjoyable and a vivid depiction of exotic places and life at sea.^[15] TheLos Angeles Times called it "one of the best movies ever made in Cinerama ... Excellent in all aspects, it is an artistic as well as a cinematic triumph."^[29] Stanley Newman inCue magazine called it "simple-minded fun" and Francis Herridge in theNew York Post had kind words for its recreation of the devastation.^[28]

The geographic error in the film's title of placing the doomed island east of Java was widely mocked in the reviews.

Krakatoa, East of Java reachednumber one at the US box office in December 1969 following its second run showcase release in New York.^[30][31] Based on the cities used byVariety for their weekly box office chart, it was the seventeenth highest-grossing film of the year in the United States.^[32]

Reprocessed in "Feelarama", a version of the then-popularSensurround, the movie was re-released under the titleVolcano during the 1970s.^[15]

Although it originally had a running time of 127 minutes (not counting overture, intermission, and exit music included in the 1969 theatrical release), the movie has often been seen since then on television and in16 mm prints in a truncated 101-minute version, with some scenes shortened or deleted.^[15] In the 101-minute version, the sequences showing key passengers arriving aboard theBatavia Queen at Anjer and the voyage of theBatavia Queen's lifeboat to Anjer are shortened, while the opening sequence showing terrified children at the mission school in Palembang, Charley's song and striptease for Connerly in their stateroom, and Charley's tearful pleas to Hanson to have Connerly set free from the box suspended above theBatavia Queen's deck are missing.

Krakatoa, East of Java was released by MGM Home Video on March 22, 2005, as a Region 1 widescreen DVD.

Krakatoa, East of Java's storyline bears many similarities to that of the 1953 filmFair Wind to Java starringFred MacMurray, which tells the story of a race between an American sea captain and anIndonesianpirate leader to recover a legendary fortune indiamonds from Krakatoa in 1883 just before the island explodes.^[15]

In the episode "Someone to Watch Over Me" of the seriesFrasier, one of the titles between sections reads "KRAKATOA, WEST OF JAVA (THE MOVIE WAS WRONG)".

The film is mentioned byJerry Seinfeld in theSeinfeld episode "The Truth": "Those brave Krakatoans, east of Java, who sacrificed so much for so long!"

It is parodied in theMonty Python sketch "Scott of the Antarctic" as "Krakatoa, East ofLeamington".

In the final episode ofEerie, Indiana, one character can be heard saying on the phone, "Who cares if Krakatoa isn't really east of Java?", referring to getting a bad grade on a test.

Krakatoa, East of Java was the first film that British film criticMark Kermode ever saw.^[33]

The phrase "Krakatoa, east of Java" is used in the lyrics to the 1979 song "Lava" byThe B-52's, included in their first albumThe B-52's: "My heart's crackin' like a Krakatoa. Krakatoa, east of Java, molten bodies, fiery lava." It also appears in the song "New World Disorder" byBiohazard, from thealbum of the same name.

The film is mentioned in theWings episode "Just Say No". When Brian jokes that if his date the previous night had been a movie, "waves would be crashing, rockets would be launching, and volcanoes would be erupting," Lowell replies, "I've seen that movie:Krakatoa, East of Java. There wasn't much sex, but nobody had any time."

In 1982 the French group Indochine wrote the song,À l'est de Java, narrating the story of the movie. The lyrics were written by Nicola Sirkis and the music was composed by Dominik Nicolas.

An exterior shot of theCinerama Dome in the 2019 filmOnce Upon a Time in Hollywood depicts the theater in 1969 advertisingKrakatoa, East of Java. The recreated vintage posters were left on the theater's exterior as part ofOnce Upon a Time in Hollywood's70mm engagement there.

• List of American films of 1968

• Krakatoa, East of Java at theAFI Catalog of Feature Films
• Krakatoa, East of Java atIMDb
• Krakatoa, East of Java at theTCM Movie Database
• Photo gallery of models, miniatures, and special effects used inKrakatoa, East of Java and Eugène Lourié's account of filming the special effects sequences at Model Ships in the Cinema << LINK changed tohttps://www.modelshipsinthecinema.com/search?q=krakatoa+east+of+java
• Krakatoa, East of Java (full movie) onYouTube