Kormisosh (Bulgarian:Кормисош), also known asKormesiy,Kormesios,Krumesis,Kormisoš, orCormesius, was a ruler ofBulgaria during the 8th century, recorded in a handful of documents. Modern chronologies of Bulgarian rulers place him either as the successor ofTervel and predecessor ofSevar, or the successor of Sevar and predecessor ofVineh.
| Kormisosh | |
|---|---|
| Kanasubigi ofBulgaria | |
| Reign | 721-738 |
| Predecessor | Tervel orSevar |
| Successor | Sevar orVineh |
| House | Vokil clan |
Sources
editKormisosh is mentioned in theNominalia of the Bulgarian Khans,[1] a 9th–11th century document recording early Bulgarian rulers,[2] wherein he is placed between the rulersSevar andVineh, is said to have ruled for 17 years, and is assigned to theVokil clan.[1] The assignment to the Vokil clan is notable given that all of the previous rulers were assigned to theDulo clan.[1]
Kormisosh is also recorded in theChronicle of the Byzantine chroniclerTheophanes the Confessor, recorded to have variously fought against and allied with theByzantine Empire. Most notably, he is said to have allied with the emperorsTheodosius III (715–717) andLeo III (717–741) against theUmayyad Caliphate, helping to break theSiege of Constantinople (717–718).[3] He is also said to have signed a trade agreement with Theodosius III.[4] Contradictingly,[4] other documents indicate that Kormisosh was a contemporary of EmperorConstantine V (741–775),[4] whom he warred against (at one point Kormisosh's forces are said to have reachedConstantinople itself).[5]
Chronology
editSome Bulgarian scholars consider the contradictory dates of the two surviving references to Kormisosh to indicate that they refer to two different rulers, placing a "Kormesiy" as reigning between Tervel and Sevar, and a separate "Kormisosh" as reigning between Sevar and Vineh.[6] Most researchers however believe there to have been only one such ruler,[7][8][9][10][11] chronologically misplaced by one of the sources. It is for instance often considered likely that the early placement of Kormisosh in the works of Theophanes is an error and that the Bulgarian ruler actually meant isTervel.[4]
Fine (1991) and Detrez (2014) place Kormisosh between Sevar and Vineh, reigning 739–756.[7][10] Treadgold (1997) likewise places him between Sevar and Vineh, though dates him to 750–762.[8] Morby (2014) and Curta (2019) however place Kormisosh between Tervel and Sevar and dates his reign to 721–738.[9][11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^abcGibbon, Edward (1897)The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 6, pp. 546–547
- ^Marcantonio, Angela (2018).The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation. Sapienza Università Editrice. p. 25.ISBN 978-88-9377-066-8.
- ^Sophoulis, Panos (2011).Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. p. 91.ISBN 978-90-04-20695-3.
- ^abcdNoret, Jacques (2004).Philomathestatos: Studies in Greek and Byzantine Texts Presented to Jacques Noret for His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters Publishers. p. 469.ISBN 978-90-429-1459-9.
- ^Gwatkin, Henry Melvill; Whitney, James Pounder; Tanner, Joseph Robson; Previté-Orton, Charles William; Brooke, Zachary Nugent (1966).The Cambridge Medieval History. Macmillan. p. 74.
- ^Andreev, Jordan; Milcho Lalkov (1996).The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (in Bulgarian). Veliko Tarnovo: Abagar. pp. 29, 32.ISBN 954-427-216-X.
- ^abFine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991).The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. pp. 295–296.ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
- ^abTreadgold, Warren T. (1997).A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 871.ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
- ^abMorby, John (2014). "Bulgaria, Medieval".Dynasties of the World. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-251848-4.
- ^abDetrez, Raymond (2014).Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 7,78–79,259–260, 269, 280,519–520, 543.ISBN 978-1-4422-4180-0.
- ^abCurta, Florin (2019).Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300) (2 vols). BRILL. p. 82.ISBN 978-90-04-39519-0.
| Preceded by | Khan of Bulgaria 8th century | Succeeded by |