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List of kings of Macedonia

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Macedonia, also called Macedon, was ruled continuously by kings from its inception around the middle of the seventh century BC until its conquest by theRoman Republic in 168 BC.Kingship in Macedonia, its earliest attested political institution, was hereditary, exclusively male, and characterized by dynastic politics.[2][3][4]

King ofMacedonia
TheVergina Sun, as depicted on thelarnax ofPhilip II
Alexander the Great, the most famous Macedonian king
Details
StyleKing of the Macedonians,Basileus[1]
First monarchPerdiccas I
Last monarchPerseus
Formationc. 650 BC
Abolition168 BC
ResidenceAegae,Pella, andDemetrias

Information regarding the origins of theArgeads, Macedonia's founding dynasty, is very scarce and often contradictory. The Argeads themselves claimed descent from the royal house ofArgos, theTemenids, but this story is viewed with skepticism by some scholars as a fifth century BC fiction invented by the Argead court "to 'prove' Greek lineage".[5][6][7][8] It is more likely that the Argeads first surfaced either as part of a tribe living nearMount Bermion who, possibly under the authority ofPerdiccas, subjugated neighboringlands,[9][10] or, according toHerodotus, were of aDoric race that originally resided inPindus.[11] During their reign, Macedonia would not only come to dominate Greece, but also emerge as one of the most powerful states in the ancient world with the conquest of thePersian Empire underAlexander the Great. However, Alexander'suntimely death in 323 BC triggered aseries of civil wars and regents for his young sonAlexander IV, ultimately leading to the Argead dynasty's demise.

Cassander, the ostensible regent of Macedonia, murdered Alexander IV in 310 and installed theAntipatrids as the ruling house. His dynasty was short-lived, however, as his death in 297 triggered a civil war between his sons that further destabilized the kingdom. The following decades saw a rapid and violent succession ofDiadochi from various dynasties, each vying for the Macedonian throne. This chaos continued until the death ofPyrrhus in 272 and the accession of theAntigonids underAntigonus II Gonatas.

Following decades of continuous conflict, the Antigonids saw the temporary renewal of the kingdom's fortunes, but were destroyed by Rome afterPerseus' defeat at thebattle of Pydna in 168 BC.

Main article:Argead dynasty

Legendary

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There are two separate historical traditions relating the foundation of Macedonia and the Argead dynasty. The earlier, documented byHerodotus andThucydides in the fifth century BC, recordsPerdiccas as the first king of Macedonia.[12][13] The later tradition first emerged around the beginning of the fourth century BC and claimed thatCaranus, rather than Perdiccas, was the founder.[14] Aside fromSatyrus, who addsCoenus andTyrimmas to the list,Marsyas of Pella,Theopompos, andJustin all agree that Caranus was Perdiccas' father.[15] Furthermore,Plutarch claimed in his biography of Alexander the Great that all of his sources agreed that Caranus was the founder.[16] This unhistorical assertion, like the Argive connection, is rejected by modern scholarship as court propaganda, possibly intended to diminish the significance of the name 'Perdiccas' in rival family branches followingAmyntas III accession.[14][15][17]

NameReignSuccessionLife details
CaranusUnknownAccording to various ancient authors, either the son, brother, or relative of the Argive kingPheidon[15]
CoenusUnknownSon of Caranus
TyrimmasUnknownSon of Coenus

Historical

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Herodotus mentions the names of the five kings precedingAmyntas I, but provides no other information.[18][19] Consequently, the reign dates and activities of the early Argead kings can only be guessed at. By allowing thirty years for the span of an average generation and counting backwards from the beginning ofArchelaus' reign in 413 BC, British historianNicholas Hammond estimated that the dynasty began around 650 BC.[17]Amyntas I and his sonAlexander I are the earliest kings for which we have any reliable historical information, and even then, only in the context of their relationships withAchaemenid Persia and Greeks.[18]

NameReignSuccessionLife details
Perdiccas Ifl. c. 650 BCAccording to various ancient authors, either the son of Caranus or TyrimmasConquered Macedonia after settling nearMount Bermion.[20]
Argaeus Ifl. c. 623Son of Perdiccas IPossibly established the cult ofDionysus in Macedonia.[21]
Philip Ifl. c. 593Son of Argaeus I
Aeropus Ifl. c. 563Son of Philip I
Alcetasfl. c. 533Son of Aeropus I
Amyntas Ic. 512 – 498/7Son of AlcetasUnknown – 498/7
First king for which there is reliable historical information; vassal ofDarius I from 512.[22]
Alexander I "Philhellene"498/7 – 454
(43 years)		Son of Amyntas IUnknown – 454
Intensified Macedon's relationship with Greece following Persian withdrawal in 479.[23]
Perdiccas II454 – 413
(41 years)		Son of Alexander IUnknown – 413
Fought both for and againstAthens during thePeloponnesian War; died probably of natural causes.[24]
Archelaus413 – 399
(14 years)		Son of Perdiccas IIUnknown – 399
Moved center of kingdom from Aegae to Pella; either murdered in a personal revenge plot or killed in a hunting accident by his loverCraterus.[25]
Orestes399 – 398/7
(3 years)		Son of ArchelausUnknown – 398/7
Minority reign until removal in 398/7; possibly murdered by Aeropus II, his guardian, but facts are uncertain.[26][27]
Aeropus II[a]398/7 – 395/4
(3 years)		Son of Perdiccas IIUnknown – 395/4
Died of illness[26]
Amyntas II "the Little"394/3
(Several months)[28]		Son of Menelaus, Alexander I's second sonUnknown – 394/3
Probably ruled at the same time as Pausanias; sources for reign are few, but likely murdered by the ruler ofElimiotis, Derdas.[26][29]
Pausanias394/3

(Several months)[28]

Son of Aeropus IIUnknown – 394/3
Probably ruled at the same time as Amyntas II; sources for reign are few, but likely murdered by Amyntas III.[26][30]
(1st reign)
Amyntas III		393
(Less than a year)		Great grandson of Alexander I through his third son, AmyntasUnknown – 369
Held kingdom together despite multiple Illyrian invasions; died of natural causes.[31]
Argaeus II393?
(disputed)		Pretender to the throne installed by the Illyrians under Bardylis; possibly the son of Archelaus[b]Unknown
Expelled by Amyntas III withThesallian help.[35]
(2nd reign)
Amyntas III		393 – 369
(18 years)		Great grandson of Alexander I through his third son, AmyntasUnknown – 369
Held kingdom together despite multiple Illyrian invasions; died of natural causes.[31]
Alexander II369 – 368
(2 years)		Eldest son of Amyntas IIIc. 390 – 368
(aged 22)[36]
Assassinated by Ptolemy of Aloros followingTheban military intervention underPelopidas.[37]
Ptolemy of Aloros368 – 365
(3 years; disputed)[c]		Possibly the son of Amyntas II; acted as regent for Perdiccas IIIc. 418– 365
(aged 53)[42]
Assassinated by Perdiccas III.[43]
Perdiccas III365 – 360/59
(6 years)		Son of Amyntas IIIc. 383 – 360/59
(aged 24)[44]
Killed in battle against the Illyrians.
Amyntas IV360/59
(disputed)		Son of Perdiccas IIIc. 365 – 335
(aged 30)[45]
Never ruled in his own right; later murdered by Alexander III.
Philip II360/59 – 336
(23 years)		Son of Amyntas III382 – 336
(aged 47)
Would come to dominate Ancient Greece through a massiveexpansion of Macedonian power; assassinated byPausanias of Orestis.[46][47]
Alexander III "the Great"336 – 323
(13 years)		Son of Philip II356 – 10/11 June 323
(aged 33)
Conquered the entirety of thePersian Empire; died of illness atBabylon.[48]
Philip III Arrhidaeus323 – 317
(6 years)		Son of Philip II; co-ruler with Alexander IVc. 358 – 317
(aged 41)[49]
Owing to his diminished mental capacity, Philip never ruled in his own right and instead went through a series of regents; executed by the mother of Alexander III,Olympias.[50]
Alexander IV323 – 310
(13 years)		Son of Alexander III; co-ruler with Philip III323 – 310
(aged 13)
Due to his age, Alexander never ruled in his own right. Alexander III's mother, Olympias, guarded him until her execution in 316; murdered byCassander.[50]

Antipatrid dynasty (310–294 BC)

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Main article:Antipatrid dynasty
NameReignSuccessionLife details
Cassander310 – 297
(13 years)		Son of the regentAntipater and son-in-law of Philip IIc. 356 – 297
(aged 59)[51]
Died of illness (possibly tuberculosis)[50]
Philip IV297

(4 months)

Son of CassanderUnknown – 297
Died of illness (possibly tuberculosis)[50]
Antipater I297 – 294
(3 years)		Son of Cassander; co-ruler with Alexander until Antipater murdered their mother,Thessalonike, for favoring his brother.[51]Unknown – 294
Killed by his father-in-law,Lysimachus.[52]
Alexander V297 – 294
(3 years)		Son of Cassander; co-ruler with his brother Antipater.Unknown – 294
Assassinated byDemetrius I.[53]

Dynastic conflicts (294–272 BC)

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NameReignSuccessionLife details
Demetrius I "Poliorcetes"294 – 288
(6 years)		Proclaimed king by army inLarissa following Alexander V's assassination; son of the diadochosAntigonus and brother-in-law of Cassander throughPhila[54]January/February 336 – 282
(aged 54)
Surrendered toSeleucus I Nicator in 285, died of illness in captivity a few years later.[55]
(1st reign)
Pyrrhus of Epirus		288 – 285
(3 years)		Usurped throne following joint invasion of Macedonia with Lysimachus and Ptolemy; non-dynastic.c. 319 – 272
(aged 46)
Killed at the Battle of Argos.
Lysimachus287 – 281
(6 years)		Ruled only the eastern half of the kingdom until 285 when he seized the whole of Macedonia; non-dynastic.c. 360 – 281
(aged 79)
Killed at theBattle of Corupedium.
Ptolemy "Ceraunus"281 – 279
(2 years)		Assassinated Seleucus before he entered Macedon and was proclaimed king atLysimachia; son ofPtolemy I Soter.[56]c. 319/18 – February 279
(aged approx. 40)[57]
Captured and beheaded by aninvading Celtic army.[58]
Meleager279
(2 months)[59]		Elected king following the death of Ceraunus; son ofPtolemy I Soter.Unknown
Deposed by Macedonians after accusations of inadequacy
Antipater II "Etesias"279
(45 days)[59]		Elected king following Meleager's removal; nephew of CassanderUnknown

Removed by Sosthenes for failing to lead the army.

Sosthenes279 – 277
(2 years)		Strategos and de facto king of Macedon, but refused royal title despite election; non-dynasticUnknown – 277
Died of natural causes.
(1st reign)
Antigonus II "Gonatas"[d]		277 – 274
(3 years)		Seized Macedonia by the middle of 276 in the chaos[e] that followed the death of Sosthenes; son of Demetrius I and son-in-law ofSeleucus I Nicator319 – 239
(aged 80)
Died of natural causes.[61]
(2nd reign)
Pyrrhus of Epirus		274 – 272
(disputed)[f]		RetookThessaly and the interior of Macedonia, but remained unable to oust Antigonus from the coastal areasc. 319 – 272
(aged 46)
Killed at theBattle of Argos.

Antigonid dynasty (272–168 BC)

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Main article:Antigonid dynasty
NameReignSuccessionLife details
(2nd reign)
Antigonus II "Gonatas"		272 – 239
(33 years)		Son of Demetrius I and son-in-law ofSeleucus I Nicator319 – 239
(aged 80)
Died of natural causes.[61]
Demetrius II239 – 229
(10 years)		Son of Antigonus IIc. 275/4 – 229
(aged approx. 45)
Defeated in battle by the Dardanians, died shortly after in unknown circumstances.[63]
Antigonus III "Doson"229 – 221
(8 years)		Chosen by "leading Macedonians" to rule first as regent forPhilip and, then later, as king; grandson of Demetrius I and cousin of Demetrius II[64]c. 263 – 221
(aged approx. 42)
Suffering from tuberculosis, Antigonus burst a blood vessel following a battle with the Illyrians and died some months later.[65]
Philip V221 – 179
(42 years)		Son of Demetrius II239 – 179
(aged 60)
Died suddenly of natural causes.[66]
Perseus I179 – 168
(11 years)		Son of Philip V212 – 166
(aged 46)

Surrendered toAemilius Paullus following defeat atPydna and imprisoned atAlba Fucens for the remainder of his life.[67][68]

Non-dynastic rebel kings (150–93 BC)

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NameReignSuccessionLife details
Andriscus
(Philip VI)		150 – 148
(2 years)		Claimed to be a son of PerseusUnknown – 146

Executed during thetriumph ofCaecilius Metellus; last king to rule in Macedonia.

Pseudo-Alexander
(Alexander VI)		147Claimed to be a son of PerseusUnknown

Fled toDardania following military defeat whereafter his fate is unknown.

Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus
(Philip VII/Perseus II)		143Rose against the Romans with 16,000 men; claimed to be the son of Perseus[69]Unknown – 143

Defeated, and presumably executed, by Lucius Tremellius Scrofa.

Euephenes93Styled himself as king, but apprehended before uprising began; claimed Antigonid Heritage[69]Unknown

Family tree

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Simplified family tree of the Argead, Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties (omitting non-dynastic kings)
Individuals with disputed heritage or rule areitalicized.
Perdiccas I
 c. 650 BC
Argaeus I
 c. 623
Philip I
 c. 593
Aeropus I
 c. 563
Alcetas
 c. 533
Amyntas I
 512–498/7
Alexander I
 498/7–454
Perdiccas II
 454–413		MenelausAmyntas
Archelaus
 413–399		Aeropus II
 398/7–395/4		Amyntas II
 394/3		Arrhidaeus
Orestes
 399–398/7		Argaeus II
 393 BC?		Pausanias
 394/3		Ptolemy
 368–365		Amyntas III
 393–369
Alexander II
 369–368		Perdiccas III
 365–360/59		Philip II
 360/59–336		AntipaterAntigonus I
Amyntas IV
 360/59		Philip III
 323–317		Alexander III
 336–323		ThessalonikeCassander
 310–297		PhilipPhilaDemetrius I
 294–288		Ptolemais
Alexander IV
 323–310		Philip IV
 297		Antipater I
 297–294		Alexander V
 297–294		Antipater II
 279		Antigonus II
 277–239		Demetrius
Demetrius II
 239–229		Antigonus III
 229–221
Philip V
 221–179
Perseus
 179–168

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^There is some confusion among the sources about the name of Orestes' successor:Eusebias andSyncellus mention an 'Archelaos' whileDiodorus records an 'Aeropus'. However, it is likely that Aeropus simply adopted the name 'Archelaos' after Orestes' death.[28]
  2. ^Theopompus of Chios wrote that "they call both Argaios and Pausanias Archelaos [sic]" which historianNicholas Hammond emends to read, "they call both Argaeus and Pausaniasthe son of Archelaus."[32] However, not all historians are in agreement and the claim remains largely unverifiable.[33][34]
  3. ^Modern scholars disagree on whether Ptolemy should be considered a king in his own right or simply regent for Perdiccas III.[38] The confusion stems from contradictory comments by our primary sources:Plutarch refers to Ptolemy as a regent inPelopidas, yet Diodorus refers to him as king.[39] As noted by Hammond, all coins from this period bear the name Perdiccas rather than Ptolemy, suggesting a non-royal status for the latter.[40] Moreover, the demotic 'Alorus' implies that Ptolemy was not an Argead and therefore would be ineligible for the throne.[41]
  4. ^Antigonus' regnal number stems from his grandfather,Antigonus I Monophthalmus
  5. ^It is unclear who ruled Macedonia in the short time between Sosthenes death and Antigonus's accession. Porphyry mentions a Ptolemy and anArrhidaeus having some kind of authority.[60]
  6. ^Pyrrhus's reign, brief and unpopular, is omitted from Porphyry's list of Macedonian kings and is mentioned only inSyncellus's Chronography[62]

Citations

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  1. ^Fox 2011b, pp. 359–360.
  2. ^Errington 1990, p. 218.
  3. ^Roisman 2010, p. 373.
  4. ^Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 152.
  5. ^Eder & Renger 2006, pp. 188–190.
  6. ^Borza 1990, p. 82.
  7. ^Errington 1990, pp. 2–3.
  8. ^Asirvatham 2010, p. 101.
  9. ^Sprawski 2010, pp. 132–133.
  10. ^Hammond & Griffith 1979, pp. 27–28.
  11. ^Herodotus.Histories, 1.56.2–3.
  12. ^Herodotus,8.137.
  13. ^Thucydides,2.99.
  14. ^abGreenwalt 1985, pp. 43–49.
  15. ^abcSprawski 2010, pp. 128–129.
  16. ^Plutarch,Alex. 2.1.
  17. ^abHammond & Griffith 1979, pp. 4–5.
  18. ^abSprawski 2010, pp. 130–131.
  19. ^Borza 1990, p. 98.
  20. ^Herodotus,8.138.3.
  21. ^Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 432.
  22. ^Sprawski 2010, p. 135.
  23. ^Sprawski 2010, p. 142.
  24. ^Roisman 2010, p. 154.
  25. ^Roisman 2010, pp. 156–157.
  26. ^abcdErrington 1990, pp. 28–29.
  27. ^Diodorus,14.37.6.
  28. ^abcMarch 1995, p. 280.
  29. ^Aristotle,Pol. 5.1311b.
  30. ^Diodorus,14.89.
  31. ^abHammond & Griffith 1979, p. 179.
  32. ^Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 175.
  33. ^Roisman 2010, p. 158.
  34. ^Carney 2000, p. 250.
  35. ^Roisman 2010, p. 159.
  36. ^Errington 1990, p. 35.
  37. ^Roisman 2010, p. 162.
  38. ^Borza 1990, p. 191.
  39. ^Fox 2011a, p. 260.
  40. ^Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 183.
  41. ^Anson 2009, pp. 276–286.
  42. ^Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 182.
  43. ^Diodorus,16.2.
  44. ^Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 185.
  45. ^Müller 2010, p. 166.
  46. ^Müller 2010, p. 182.
  47. ^Diodorus,16.94.4.
  48. ^Gilley & Worthington 2010, p. 198.
  49. ^Errington 1990, p. 60.
  50. ^abcdAdams 2010, pp. 216–218.
  51. ^abErrington 1990, pp. 147–148.
  52. ^Cancik; et al. 2006, "Antipater".
  53. ^Errington 1990, p. 150.
  54. ^Hammond & Walbank 1988, p. 217.
  55. ^Wheatley & Dunn 2020, p. 449.
  56. ^Hammond & Walbank 1988, pp. 242–243.
  57. ^"Ptolemaic Dynasty -- Ptolemy Ceraunus".instonebrewer.com. Retrieved2023-02-24.
  58. ^Errington 1990, pp. 159–160.
  59. ^abHammond & Walbank 1988, p. 253.
  60. ^Hammond & Walbank 1988, p. 256.
  61. ^abGabbert 1997, p. 60.
  62. ^Hammond & Walbank 1988, p. 262.
  63. ^Kuzmin 2019, p. 78.
  64. ^Plutarch,Aem. 8.2.
  65. ^Errington 1990, pp. 183–184.
  66. ^Errington 1990, p. 212.
  67. ^Plutarch,Aem. 37.
  68. ^Livy,45.42.4.
  69. ^abNigdelis 2006.

Bibliography

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Primary sources

  • Aristotle (1932)."Politics".Aristotle in 23 Volumes.Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 21. Translated by Rackham, Harris (1944 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Diodorus Siculus (1963–1971).Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Translated byOldfather, Charles H.; et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Herodotus (1920–1925).The Histories. Loeb Classical Library. Translated byGodley, A. D. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Retrieved26 January 2024.
  • Livy (1919).The History of Rome. Translated by Foster, Benjamin. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Plutarch (1923).Plutarch's Lives. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Thucydides (1874).The Peloponnesian War. Translated byCrawley, Richard (1910 ed.). New York: J. M. Dent & E. P. Dutton. Retrieved26 January 2024.

Secondary sources

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