| Kalkatungu | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Mount Isa area,Queensland |
| Ethnicity | Kalkadoon people |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
| Revival | exist |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Kalkutungu Sign Language | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ktg |
| Glottolog | kalk1246 |
| AIATSIS[1] | G13 |
| ELP | Kalkatungu |
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Kalkatungu (alsoKalkutungu,Galgadungu,Kalkutung,Kalkadoon, orGalgaduun) is anextinctAustralian Aboriginal language formerly spoken around the area ofMount Isa andCloncurry,Queensland.[1][2]
Apart from the closely related language,Wakabunga, Kalkatungu is sometimes grouped withYalarnnga as theKalkatungic (Galgadungic) branch of thePama–Nyungan family. O'Grady et al.,[3] however, classify it as the sole member of the "Kalkatungic group" of the Pama-Nyungan family, and Dixon (2002)[4] regards Kalkatungic as anareal group.
Emeritus ProfessorBarry Blake, Sheree Blackley[5] and others have revived the language based on recordings, written grammars and personal memories. Robert Ah Wing, assisted by Uncle Arthur Peterson[6] is also active in this field. Often, emphasis is placed on belonging, passing on elements of language to younger Kalkatungu.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | iiː | uuː |
| Low | aaː | |
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Stop | p | k | c | t̪ | t | ʈ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n̪ | n | ɳ |
| Lateral | ʎ | l̪ | l | ɭ | ||
| Vibrant | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɻ | |||
It is not clear if the vibrant is a trill or a tap.
Like in English, word stress is realised in terms of loudness. Sentence stress is also organised similar to English with the first syllable in the final word of a phonological phrase getting the main stress. (tonic stress) Moreover, if there are more than two words in a phrase, the first syllable of the first word receives more stress than the non-final words.
Below is a basic vocabulary list fromBlake (1981).[8]
| English | Kalkatungu |
|---|---|
| man | yurru |
| woman | marabai |
| mother | mardu |
| father | kurla |
| head | kaṉṯa |
| eye | miḻṯi |
| nose | ityintyi |
| ear | iṉṯa |
| mouth | aṉṯa |
| tongue | marli |
| tooth | ardiṉḏa |
| hand | magaṯi |
| breast | mimi |
| stomach | putu |
| urine | kurkai |
| faeces | unu |
| thigh | nguḻṯu |
| foot | ṯapandu |
| bone | kunka |
| blood | ultyi |
| dog | ṯugu |
| snake | ṯuat |
| kangaroo | matyumba |
| possum | mirramba |
| fish | wakari |
| spider | kubu |
| mosquito | migara |
| emu | udingat |
| eaglehawk | uḻuyan |
| crow | waagarla |
| sun | pintyamu |
| moon | tuṉḏal |
| star | tyirka |
| stone | ndia |
| water | kuu |
| camp | muu |
| fire | utyan |
| smoke | purlu |
| food | maa |
| meat | adi |
| stand | nanbi |
| sit | ini |
| see | na- |
| go | ingga |
| get | mani |
| hit, kill | ḻai |
| I | ngai |
| you | nyini |
| one | ayat |
| two | lyuwadi |
Kendon (1988) shows that Kalkatungu also had a developedsigned form of their language.[9]
This Wikipedia article incorporates text fromKalkatunga published by theState Library of Queensland underCC BYlicence, accessed on 25 May 2022.Authority control databases: National |
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