"In dulci jubilo" (Latin for "In sweet rejoicing") is a traditionalChristmas carol. In its original setting, the carol is amacaronic text of German and Latin dating from theMiddle Ages. Subsequent translations into English, such asJ. M. Neale's arrangement "Good Christian Men, Rejoice" have increased its popularity, andRobert Pearsall's 1837 macaronic translation is a mainstay of theChristmasNine Lessons and Carols repertoire.J. S. Bach's chorale prelude based on the tune (BWV 729) is also a traditionalpostlude for Christmas services.

"In dulci jubilo"
The melody as published in the 1582 Finnish music collectionPiae Cantiones, which alternates the Latin with Swedish.
Song
Language	German, Latin
Tune:Zahn No. 4947

The original song text, amacaronic alternation ofMedieval German and Latin, is thought to have been written by theGerman mysticHeinrich Seuse circa 1328.^[1] According to folklore, Seuse heard angels sing these words and joined them in a dance of worship.^[2] In his biography (or perhaps autobiography), it was written:

Now this same angel came up to the Servant (Suso) brightly, and said that God had sent him down to him, to bring him heavenly joys amid his sufferings; adding that he must cast off all his sorrows from his mind and bear them company, and that he must also dance with them in heavenly fashion. Then they drew the Servant by the hand into the dance, and the youth began a joyous song about the infant Jesus ...^[2]

The tune,Zahn No. 4947,^[3] first appears in Codex 1305, a manuscript inLeipzig University Library dating from c. 1400, although it has been suggested that the melody may have existed in Europe prior to this date.^[2] In print, the tune was included inGeistliche Lieder, a 1533 Lutheran hymnal by Joseph Klug. It also appears inMichael Vehe'sGesangbuch of 1537. In 1545, another verse was added, possibly byMartin Luther. This was included in Valentin Babst'sGeistliche Lieder, printed in Leipzig. The melody was also popular elsewhere in Europe, and appears in a Swedish/Latin version in the 1582 Finnish songbookPiae Cantiones, a collection of sacred and secular medieval songs.^[2]

The tune appears in several collections byMichael Praetorius, for voices only:Musae Sionae II (1607) no. 5, a motet à 8 for double choir;Musae Sionae V (1607) nos. 80–82 (for 2, 3 or 4 voices);Musae Sionae VI (1609) nos. 28, 29, 31 resp. 32, 33 all for 4 voices; and 5 part setting fromMusae Sionae VI (1597). And a vocal–instrumental version from his collectionPolyhymnia Caduceatrix et Panegyrica (1618–19), No 34: a festive multi-choir version with large instrumental support including trumpets and timpani. It can be executed by 7, 12, 16 or 20 voices in 5 choirs (three vocal, one chapel- and one instrumental choir) and general bass.The Praetorius settings were widely adapted in Protestant continental Europe.

A polyphonic arrangement for 8 voices was made byRobert Lucas de Pearsall (1795–1856), this being later adapted for four voices, the most commonly performed version, by William Joseph Westbrook (1831–1894). A widely used arrangement inCarols for Choirs, Vol. 1^[4] is Pearsall's edited byReginald Jacques; the first two verses are in four-part harmony, the third and fourth verses are concatenated and in eight-part harmony. Carols for Choirs Vol. 4^[5] contains simpler four- and three-part alternative arrangements.

There have been a number of translations of the Latin/German poem into English. The most popular that keeps the macaronic structure is R. L. de Pearsall's 1837 translation, which retains the Latin phrases and substitutes English for German.^[6] A 2008 survey byBBC Music Magazine found this to be the second most popular choral Christmas carol with British cathedral organists and choirmasters.^[7]

Alternatively, a looser translation produced in 1853 byJohn Mason Neale titles the work "Good Christian Men, Rejoice".^[8] This translation is often criticised;Thomas Helmore made a mistake when transcribing themensural notation ofPiae Cantiones which led to the repeated "News, news" and "Joy, joy" phrase.^[8] In 1921, H. J. Massé wrote that it was an example of "musical wrong doing ... involving the mutilation of the rhythm of that grand tuneIn dulci jubilo to the English wordsGood Christian Men Rejoice. It is inconceivable that anyone of any real musical culture should have lent himself to this tinkering with a perfect tune for the sake of fitting it perforce to works of inferior merit."^[9] He goes on to cite a more appropriate English translation from 1567 byJohn Wedderburn as a more "worthy effort".^[9]Jeremy Summerly in his radio documentary seriesA Cause for Caroling is more complimentary, saying that the mistaken repeated note is what makes that version of the tune memorable.^[10]

Still another English translation, made in the 19th century by Arthur T. Russell and featured in severalLutheran hymnals, renders the work as "Now Sing We, Now Rejoice".^[11]

Dieterich Buxtehude set the melody as achorale-cantata in 1683 for soprano, alto and bass accompanied by two violins andcontinuo (BuxWV 52) and as achorale prelude for organ (BuxWV 197) c. 1690.^[16][17]

Johann Sebastian Bach set this melody several times: as a chorale in BWV 368; and then for organ inBWV 608 as adouble canon in hisOrgelbüchlein and in BWV 729 andBWV 751 as a chorale prelude. Commentators agree, however, that BWV 751 is too simple and undeveloped to be the work of Bach.^[18] Since the 1984 rediscovery of theNeumeister Collection, BWV 751 has been attributed toJohann Michael Bach. Bach also used the opening phrase of the melody as a fugal subject for two other choral preludes, BWV 703 (Gottes Sohn ist kommen) and BWV 724 (Gott durch deine Güte). BWV 729, written by Bach to accompany congregational singing inArnstadt, is traditionally performed as the first organvoluntary at the end of the Festival ofNine Lessons and Carols atKing's College, Cambridge. This voluntary was first introduced to the service in 1938 by organ scholarDouglas Guest.^[19]

Franz Liszt included the carol in his piano suiteWeihnachtsbaum in the movement entitled "Die Hirten an der Krippe" (The Shepherds at the Manger).Norman Dello Joio uses the theme as the basis of hisVariants on a Medieval Tune for wind ensemble.Ronald Corp composed a setting of "In dulci jubilo" for unaccompanied SATB choir in 1976.

Gustav Holst included both "Good Christian Men, Rejoice" (Neale version, 1853) and "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen" in his 1910 choral fantasyChristmas Day, with accompaniment for orchestra or organ.

Thomas Pynchon uses the carol as the choral centrepiece of the Advent episode in his 1973 novel,Gravity's Rainbow. The singing, presided over by a nameless Jamaican countertenor, is described as "the War's evensong" (p. 130), and culminates thus:

"climaxing now with its rising fragment of some ancient scale, voices overlapping three- and fourfold, up, echoing, filling the entire hollow of the church—no counterfeit baby, no announcement of the Kingdom, not even a try at warming or lighting this terrible night, only, damn us, our scruffy obligatory little cry, our maximum reach outward—praise be to God!—for you to take back to your war-address, your war-identity, across the snow’s footprints and tire tracks finally to the path you must create by yourself, alone in the dark. Whether you want it or not, whatever seas you have crossed, the way home. . . ." (p. 136)

An instrumental arrangement of the Pearsall version by English musicianMike Oldfield, "In Dulci Jubilo", reached number 4 in theUK Singles Chart in January 1976.^[20]

• List of Christmas carols