TheIlyushin Il-96 (Russian:Илью́шин Ил-96) is a Russianfour-engined jet long-haulwide-body airliner designed byIlyushin in the formerSoviet Union and manufactured by theVoronezh Aircraft Production Association inRussia. It is powered by four high-bypassAviadvigatel PS-90 two-shaftturbofan engines. As of 2024, the Il-96 is used as the mainRussian presidential aircraft. The type's only remaining commercial operator in passenger service isCubana de Aviación whileSky Gates Airlines operates a single cargo variant.

Il-96 Ил-96
ACubana de Aviación Il-96-300
General information
Type	Widebodyjet airliner
National origin	USSR
Designer	Ilyushin
Built by	Voronezh Aircraft Production Association
Status	In low-rate production; in service
Primary users	Cubana de Aviación Sky Gates Airlines
Number built	33 as of October 2023[1]
History
Manufactured	1992–present[2]
Introduction date	29 December 1992 withAeroflot
First flight	28 September 1988; 36 years ago (1988-09-28)
Developed from	Ilyushin Il-86

Despite its usefulness on domestic routes in the Soviet Union, the serviceable but ultimately disappointing performance of the Il-86, especially in regards to range caused Ilyushin to begin planning to produce the long range Il-86D variant and the design was completed in 1976. The main changes from the base Il-86 included slightly longer wings and increased fuel capacity. The Il-86D project was eventually cancelled, but it laid the foundation for the Il-96, and the new design has a strong resemblance to the older Il-86. The new Il-96 featured larger wings, a shorter fuselage, new modern avionics and systems, and the new PS-90A high-bypass turbofan, which greatly decreased fuel consumption and increased overall performance. The prototype was first flown 20 September 1988 and the aircraft was certified in 1992. Aeroflot began passenger service in 1993.

In June 2005, theVolga-Dnepr Group signed a 15-year financial agreement with Ilyushin Finance Corporation (IFC) to take delivery of two new-build Il-96-400T aircraft, to be operated by Volga-Dnepr's subsidiaryAirBridge Cargo. The first was due to have been delivered in late 2006.^[3] TheCuban Government newspaperGranma announced on 3 January 2006 the first official flight of theCubana Il-96-300, fromHavana toBuenos Aires,Argentina.^[4]

On 11 August 2009 Russian Minister of Industry and TradeViktor Khristenko announced that manufacturing of the Il-96-300 would cease. In particular, the Il-96-300 had been deemed inferior to counterparts fromBoeing andAirbus, and the manufacturer could not arrange commercially viable mass production, making only one aircraft per year.^[5] The Il-96-400T cargo version was to remain in production.

On 9 October 2015, it was announced that an updated version of the Il-96 may be produced. This decision was taken due to the current diplomatic situation between Russia and the West, and the dependency of the Russian aerospace industry on Airbus and Boeing.^[2] In September 2017, the Vice President of Russia's United Aircraft Corporation Aleksandr Tulyakov announced the start of development of the 250–280 seat, wide-body long-haul aircraft in partnership with Chinese builders.^{[citation needed]} The aircraft is to be a development of the Russian-designed IL-96 and will be assembled in China. A new engineering center will be built in Russia to undertake technical and electronics production. As of 2018^[update], Ilyushin also had been studying a new variant of airliner based on Il-96, powered by twoAviadvigatel PD-35s rated at 340 kN (76,000 lb_f), developed by 2025 from thePD-14, or powered by foreign powerplants. The goal would be to reducefuel consumption andmaintenance costs.^[6]

In March 2022, afterInternational sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, the CEO ofRostecSergey Chemezov announced a large scale production relaunch of the Il-96.^[7]

The Ilyushin Il-96 is a shortened, long-range, and advanced technology development of the Soviet Union's firstwidebodyairliner, theIlyushin Il-86. It featuressupercritical wings fitted withwinglets, aglass cockpit, and afly-by-wire control system. The basic Il-96-300 is equipped with modern Russian avionics integrating six multi-function colour LCD displays, inertial and satellite navigation systems, and aTraffic Collision Avoidance System (including mode "S"). It allows the airplane to be operated with twocrew members. The avionics correspond to modern requirements on international routes in Europe and North America (RNP-1) and allow navigation and landing under ICAO CAT III/A conditions. The Il-96 is offered in three main variants: the Il-96-300, Il-96M/T and Il-96-400.^{[citation needed]}

The Il-96-300 has a standard passenger capacity of 262 seats in a two-class configuration with 18 seats with aseat pitch of 54 inches (140 cm) and 244 seats with a pitch of 32 inches (81 cm), of which typical seating is 3–3–3 (layout), but low density seating is possible with 2–4–2 (layout).Galleys are positioned on the upper deck, and the lower deck can accommodate 18LD-3 containers and crew rest areas.

The airplane has the following systems installed, providing compliance withICAO recommendations andEurocontrol requirements:

• Integrated communication and navigation control panel and flight management system
• UpgradedEFIS with LCD indicators
• Inertial navigation system
• Ground proximity warning system
• TCAS
• SELCAL
• Weather radar
• Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System withsatellite communication.
• Flight Data Recorder andCockpit Voice Recorder

There are two variants of the Il-96. The Il-96-300 was launched in 1985 with introduction into service in 1993. The Il-96M was launched in 1993 with introduction into service in 2000.

The Il-96-300 is the initial variant and is fitted withAviadvigatel (Soloviev) PS-90A turbofans with a thrust rating of 16,000kgf (157kN, 35,300lbf). Development started in the mid-1980s while the first prototype flew on 28 September 1988. Range with 262 passengers and fuel reserves (for holding 75 minutes at an altitude of 450 m) in a two-class configuration is about 11,000 km (5,940 nmi), allowing flights fromMoscow toUS west coast cities, a great improvement over the Ilyushin Il-86.

A highly customized version of the Il-96-300, called the Il-96-300PU, is used as the primary aircraft in theRussian presidential aircraft fleet.^{[citation needed]} Four were used by Russian presidentVladimir Putin, and byDmitry Medvedev as VIP planes.^{[citation needed]} The VIP aircraft is operated byRussia State Transport Company.^{[citation needed]} TheCuban leadership uses the IL-96-300.^{[citation needed]}

There were plans to produce a variant dubbedIl-96-300V which would include two sets ofairstairs in it.^[8]

The Il-96M is a stretched variant of the Il-96-300. It features a 10 m (30 ft) fuselage stretch, is 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) heavier, is fitted with Western-style avionics, and is powered by fourPratt & Whitney PW2337 engines with a thrust rating of 165 kN (37,000 lbf). Range with 312 passengers in a three-class configuration or 92 tonne (203,000 lb) payload is about 10,400 km (5,600 nmi). This turned it into a true—but vastly more capable—Il-86 successor. Development on the M/T variant stalled when theUS Export–Import Bank suspended talks on financing the engines and avionics, following pressure fromBoeing. The dispute was later settled following an Aeroflot order for ten Boeing 737-400s—placed in April 1997 in a deal worth US$440 million that were granted a tax exemption by the Russian government. Nevertheless, the financing was blocked again when four Boeing 767-300ERs also ordered by Aeroflot were not included in the accorded exemption. The deal was never realised.

This is the freighter version of the Il-96-400. It is powered by fourAviadvigatel PS-90A1 engines.^[9] Only a handful of Il-96-400T aircraft were built and most of them were in storage until recently. Sanctions on Russia by Boeing and Airbus have changed the situation though and in December 2023, Sky Gates who are owned by Red Wings leased an IL-96-400T and started using it to carry cargo to and from Russia.^[10] The plane received an overhaul prior to being leased in order to make sure it met air worthiness standards. Russian media suggest a second Il-96-400T is currently being overhauled and it too will be leased to Sky Gates in early 2024, once the overhaul is complete.^[11][12]

The Il-96-400 is similar to the Il-96M, but features Russian avionics and engines. It is powered by fourAviadvigatel PS-90A1 turbofans and can carry up to 436 passengers. Typical two-class configuration will have 386 passengers. Range with 315 passengers in a three-class configuration is about 10,000 km.^[13] A special version, dubbed Il-96-400VT, was reported on Friday 19 March 2010 by the Wall Street Journal to bid on the US$40 billion Air Force Tanker Program contract.^[14] In February 2013,Cubana signed a deal for the order of three 350-seater Ilyushin Il-96-400s.^[15]

One modified Il-96-400, the Il-96-400VPU is being converted to serve as anAirborne Command Post by theRussian Aerospace Forces as part of "Project Zveno-3S" calling for two such aircraft to enter service to replace the currentIl-80-based planes.^[16]

In February 2017, it was announced that Russia's United Aircraft Corporation had signed a contract with its subsidiary Ilyushin Aviation Complex for the development of a new version of Ilyushin Il-96-400 wide-body passenger airliner to compete with theBoeing 777-9 andAirbus A350-1000. Il-96-400M is the passenger version of the Il-96-400T cargo aircraft. Its fuselage is 9.65 m longer than the existing Il-96-300 passenger variant. The new interior planned seating capacity is 390 passengers.^[17][18]In 2017, theRussian Government injected ₽3.6 billion ($57.4 million) into the Ilyushin Il-96-400M.^[19]

By January 2020, the first test-flight airframe was in final assembly and the wing and fuselage were joined, to be finished at the end of 2020 before a first flight in 2021,^[20] but by April 2021 it was announced that the aircraft will not enter mass production as expected because of "lack of interest from the airlines and the worldwide idling of the long-range fleet due to the pandemic".^[21] Still, due to sanctions, on 15 August 2022, it was announced that the first flight of the Il-96-400M was planned.^[22] On 7 June 2023, the United Aircraft Corporation rolled out Russia's future wide-body passenger airliner. It made its first flight on 1 November 2023.^[23][24][25]

In January 2015, a new tanker variant of the Il-96, designated the Il-96-400TZ (Russian:ТЗ forтопливозаправщик – fuel replenisher), was proposed, with an initial order for two aircraft placed by the Russian Ministry of Defense.^[26] The new tanker would have been able to transfer more than 65 tons (IL-78M 40 tons) of fuel at a distance of up to 3500 km (Il-78M 3000 km). Universal aviation refueling systems ORM-1, proven on existing combat aircraft tankers Il-78/78М, would have been installed on the aircraft.^[27] According to Alexei Krivoruchko, Russian Deputy Minister of Defense, factory trials of the Il-96-400TZ are expected to be completed in May, 2020.^[28] However this is previously cancelled due to differences between Russian MoD and Ilyushin,^[29] and in favor of much proven Il-76MD-90A platform, which is the Il-78M-90A.

Projected freighter version of Il-96 with an enlarged fuselage to transport oversize cargo.

Projected double-deck version of Il-96 for 550–600 passengers and powered byKuznetsov NK-93 propfan engines. Following flight tests in 2007 the engines were removed and the aircraft was not developed further.

As of December 2023, current operators of the Ilyushin Il-96 are:^[30]

The following sheet lists the number of finished aircraft per year since the start of its production:^[31]

In the entire history of operation with the Il-96, there have been no accidents causing the deaths of passengers or crew.^{[citation needed]}

• In 2005, Russia indefinitely grounded Ilyushin Il-96-300 passenger aircraft after transport inspectors pointed out malfunctions in the jets’ braking systems. The decision came just weeks after a technical glitch in an Il-96-300 forced Russian PresidentVladimir Putin to fly in a back-up plane during a visit to Finland.^[32]

• On 3 June 2014, RA-96010 ofAeroflot, which had been retired from service, was damaged beyond economical repair in a fire while parked in storage atSheremetyevo International Airport,Moscow.^[33]

Related development

• Ilyushin Il-86

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Airbus A340
• Boeing 777-200ER
• McDonnell Douglas MD-11

Related lists

• List of civil aircraft
• List of jet airliners

  Media related toIlyushin Il-96 at Wikimedia Commons

• Ilyushin HP (Il-96-300)
• Voronezh Aircraft Building Plant (Il-96-300)Archived 2012-01-18 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
• Voronezh Aircraft Building Plant (Il-96-400)Archived 2012-01-18 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
• Ilyushin Finance Co. (Il-96)
• Il-96 production/orders list with statistics