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Ibid.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source

"Ibid" redirects here. For other uses, seeIbid (disambiguation).

A list of citations, the majority Ibid citations

Ibid. orib.^[1] is an abbreviation for theLatin wordibīdem, meaning'in the same place', commonly used in anendnote,footnote,bibliography citation, orscholarly reference to refer to thesource cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar toidem, literally meaning'the same', abbreviatedid., which is commonly used inlegal citation.^[2]

Ibid. may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.^[3]^[4] The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.

Some academic publishers now prefer thatibid. not beitalicised, as it is a commonly found term.^[5] Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with afull stop. For example,Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities omits full stops and does not capitalise,^[6] whileThe Economist's style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.^[7]

Example

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[1] E. Vijh,Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Ibid., 29.
[4] A. Alhazred,The Necronomicon (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
[5] Ibid. 1, 34.

Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh,Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5.

Cultural references

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"Ibid", a humorous short story byH. P. Lovecraft, purports to be a brief biography of the (fictional) Roman scholar Ibidus.
Ibid. is used in the 1960s playWho's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? byEdward Albee. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid (i.e.ibīdem) in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line.
In theDiscworld novelsPyramids andSmall Gods byTerry Pratchett, an Ephebian philosopher is called Ibid, mentioned in the latter as the author ofDiscourses.

References

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^William Dwight Whitney (1889)."ibidem".The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language. The Century co. p. 2965.
^"Idem". thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved11 May 2008.
^Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).
^New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396
^E.g.,"Style sheet: Cambridge University Press"(DOC). 2013.
^OSCOLA : Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities. Nolan, Donal., Meredith, Sandra., University of Oxford. Faculty of Law. (4th ed.). Oxford: Hart Publishers. 2012. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-84946-367-6.OCLC 775030305.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Style guide (Twelfth ed.). New York: Economist Books. 5 June 2018. p. 202.ISBN 978-1-61039-981-4.OCLC 1005580872.