TheHumcha Jain temples orHumcha basadis are a group oftemples found inHumcha village ofShimoga district inKarnataka, India. They were constructed in the 7th century CE in the period of theSantara dynasty and are regarded as one of the majorJain centres of Karnataka.[1][2] ThePadmavatiBasadi is the most well-known of these temples.[3]
| Humcha Jain temples | |
|---|---|
 Matada Basadi | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Jainism |
| Deity | Parshvanatha,Padmavati |
| Festivals | Mahavir Jayanti,Ratha Yatra,Navaratri |
| Governing body | Humcha Matha |
| Location | |
| Location | Humcha,Shimoga,Karnataka |
 | |
| Geographic coordinates | 13°51′42″N75°12′21″E / 13.86167°N 75.20583°E /13.86167; 75.20583 |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Badami Chalukya architecture |
| Creator | Jinadatta Raya |
| Date established | 7th century |
| Temple(s) | 10 |
| Website | |
| www | |
History
edit_of_Kalyani_Chalukya_King_Tribhuvanamalla_Vikramaditya_VI_in_Panchabasti_temple_at_Humcha.jpg)
Humcha has been a major Jain centre since the establishment of the seat of theBhattaraka (head ofDigambara institutions[4][5]) in the 7th–8th century CE byJinadatta Raya, founder of theSantara dynasty.[1][6][7] The current structure of the Padmavati temple was built by Vira Santara in 1061 CE.[8]
Vikrama Santara built Guddada Basadi, dedicated toBahubali, in 897 CE, and the Parshvanath temple in 950 CE.[9] The Santara rulers granted land, gold, and other gifts as offerings for worship and religious activities. Bhujabala Santaradeva, of theChalukya dynasty, made similar grants to Bhujabala Santara Jinalaya.[10]
TheBhattaraka's seat at Humcha is one of fourteen surviving seats of the original 36.[4] The earliest inscription dates back to the 9th century CE.[6] An 11th century inscription refers to a shrine dedicated to the cult ofPadmavati. TheRatta andShilahara dynasties also worshiped Padmavati as their tutelary deity.[11] Humcha received royal patronage untilVishnuvardhana ofHoysala Empire converted toHinduVaishnavism in 1117 or 1132 CE.[12] A 12th centurynishidhi stone mentions a woman namedPiriyarasi performingSallekhana during the reign ofMahamandaleshwar Bomma Santi Deva, a local chief underWestern Chalukya Empire.[13] According to an inscription dated 1530 CE, theviceroy of Sriranganagara converted from theFranconian faith to Jainism under the influence ofĀchārya Vidyananda.[14] A total of 43 inscriptions has been discovered at this site.[citation needed] According toPārśvanātha-Padmāvatī-labdhavaraprasanna in seal, thebhaṭṭārakas ofMalkheda were confirmed at the Padmavati Basadi.[15]
The basadi complex is maintained by Humcha Matha and protected by theArchaeological Survey of India.[16][2][17] The temples have since undergone repairs, renovations, and modifications.[18]
Legend
editJinadatta, a royal prince ofMathura in theSolar dynasty, fled home after his father, Sahakara, attempted to murder him. Sahakara, under the influence of his second son Mardatta, had sought to ensure that the latter would be the successor to the throne. Jindatta fled to South India, and, heeding the counsel of Jain monk Muni Siddhanta, carried a golden idol of Padmavati on his back to protect him on his journey.[19] On the way, while resting under akari lakki tree, Jindatta had a dream in which Padmavati told him to establish his capital at that place, with the help of people living in the forest.[20] Jinadatta proceeded to found the city of Pombuccapura (modern-day Humcha)[11] and built two temples dedicated toParshvanatha. He also founded a shrine of Padmavati near the tree where he had his dream, installing an idol of the Goddess as presiding deity of the temple.[19][21]
Architecture
edit
The noteworthy architecture of the Humcha Basadi[22] comprises temples classified as either early phase or later phase, based on the architectural style of each. The early phase temples include a squareVimana with a smallantarala and a closedmahamandapa, which is broader than thegarbhagriha, and include pillars with ornate carvings. The later phase temples are constructed in a rectangular shape, crowned with BrahmachandaSikhara in an incorporated built-inDravidian style. TheMakaratorana is an important feature of the architectural style of the Santara period.[23]
Panchkuta Basadi, originally known asUrdhvitilaka (glory of the world) according to inscriptions, is the largest temple in Humcha. The temple was built in theChalukyan style in 1077 CE by Chattaladevi, the wife of Kaduvetti, aKadava (Pallava dynasty) chief.[10][2] Panchkuta Basadi derives its name from fivegarbhagriha inside the temple.[24] These five share a common plinth arranged in a row to form anavaranga,mahamandapa, andmukhamandapa in common. In front of the temple are two small shrines dedicated to Parshvanatha and Bahubali.[16] Only three idols – ofNeminatha,Shantinatha, and Parshvanatha – remain of the original five in thegarbhagriha of Panchkuta Basadi. Thenavaranga of the temple consists of tenankanaswith and three doors, and it houses images ofyaksha andyakshiJwalamalini.[16]
Before Panchkuta Basadi is a tall, ornate pillar called amanastambha;[18] this one is known for its architectural details and is considered the best example of Jain architectural style.[25] The pillar stands on a three-tiered platform; the lowest tier displays carvings of four elephants at the four corners and another four elephants on the four faces, which are oriented to thecardinal directions; reliefs of lions appear between the elephants. A statue ofBrahmadeva surmounts the pillar as the guardianyaksha.[16][21]
Pâḷiyakka Basadi is ruined temple constructed in 878 CE (Shaka year 800) according to an inscription dated 950 CE. Guḍḍada Basadi, dedicated to Bahubali, was constructed in 898 CE during the reign ofVikramaditya VI. There is another 10th century ruins of a Jain basadi believed to be dedicated toChandraprabha.[26]
About the temples
edit.jpg)
The Jain temples in Humcha Basadi complex belong to theDigambar sect of Jainism and are considered one of the great Jain centres of Karnataka.[2] The Padmavati temple is near the samelakki tree where Padmavati told Jinadatta in his dream to build his capital. According to Jain belief, the Goddess entered thelakki tree, and the same tree is still growing beside the temple.[27] The Humcha Jain temple complex is an important centre for the cult of Padmavati. Each Friday is a particularly prominent day of worship.[28] The Panchkuta Basadi houses a golden-coloured idol of Padmavati carrying a lotus and a goad in the lower right and upper right hand, respectively, and a noose in the lower hand.[29] Two idols ofAmbika belonging to the 10th and 11th century are equally noteworthy.[30]
Two smaller shrines dedicated toBahubali and Parshvanatha stands on either side of the main temple. These structures were added later in 1075 CE.[24]
The complex includes aHumcha Matha built by Jain monks.[31] The matha premises include the Padmavathi temple, Parshwanatha Basadi, Marthanda Basadi, Bogara Basadi, Jattigaraya Basadi, and Bahubali temple.[2] Humcha also has three monolithic statues of Bahubali with heights of 12 feet (3.7 m), 10 feet (3.0 m), and 7 feet (2.1 m), respectively.[17]
- Festivals
The primary festival of the temple isRatha Yatra of Padmavati, organised annually on themoola nakshatra day in March.Navaratri is also organised and celebrated by the temple.[2]
See also
editReferences
editCitation
edit- ^abRice 1877, p. 371.
- ^abcdefJaganathan 2017.
- ^Rospatt 2014, p. 17.
- ^abTitze & Bruhn 1998, p. 40.
- ^Dundas 2002, p. 123.
- ^abWiley 2009, p. 96.
- ^Sangave 1980, p. 149.
- ^Wiley 2009, pp. 96–97.
- ^Wiley 2009, p. 97.
- ^abKarnataka Gazette 1975, p. 11.
- ^abNandi 1973, p. 151.
- ^Campbell 1883, p. 229.
- ^The Hindu 2019.
- ^Glasenapp 1925, p. 76.
- ^Wright 2017, p. 31.
- ^abcdASI.
- ^abKumar 2017.
- ^abChugh 2016, p. 294.
- ^abRice 1897, p. 455.
- ^Rice 1876, p. 374.
- ^abTitze & Bruhn 1998, p. 39.
- ^Chugh 2016, p. 287.
- ^Sarvamangala 2008, pp. 3–6.
- ^abUniversity of Mysore 1931, p. 6.
- ^Chugh 2016, p. 296.
- ^University of Mysore 1931, p. 6-7.
- ^Rice 1897, p. 456.
- ^Dundas 2002, pp. 213–214.
- ^Shah 1987, p. 269.
- ^Tiwari 1989, p. 167.
- ^Rice 1877, p. 372.
Bibliography
editBooks
edit- Campbell, James M. (1883).Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara.Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. 15 (2 ed.). Bombay: Government Central Press.
- Chugh, Lalit (2016).Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Art and Architecture (From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period ed.). Deccan:Notion Press.ISBN 9789352068258.
- Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992].The Jains (Second ed.). London and New York:Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5.
- Nandi, Ramendra Nath (1973).Religious Institutions and Cults in the Deccan, C. A.D. 600-A.D. 1000.Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN 978-08-426-0564-9.
- Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1876).Mysore and Coorg: Mysore. A Gazetteer Compiled for the Government of India. Vol. 2. Karnataka: Government Press.
- Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1877).Mysore and Coorg: Mysore. Vol. 1. Mysore: Government Press.
- Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1897).Gazetteer of Mysore. Vol. 2. Mysore: Government Press.
- Sangave, Vilas Adinath (1980).Jaina Community: A Social Survey. Popular library of Indian sociology and social thought. Vol. 2.Popular Prakashan.ISBN 978-03-171-2346-3.
- Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987).Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography. Abhinav Publications.ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6.
- Titze, Kurt; Bruhn, Klaus (1998).Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence (2 ed.).Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN 978-81-208-1534-6.
- Tiwari, Dr. Maruti Nandan Prasad (1989).Ambika in Jaina Art and Literature. Delhi:Bharatiya Jnanpith.
- University of Mysore (1931).Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological department(PDF). Bangalore: Government Press.
- Wiley, Kristi L. (2009).The A to Z of Jainism. The A to Z Guide Series. Vol. 38.Scarecrow.ISBN 978-0-8108-6337-8.
- Glasenapp, Helmuth von (1925).Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation [Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion]. Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.).Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted: 1999).ISBN 81-208-1376-6.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Web
edit- Rospatt, Alexander von (March 2014)."Jain studies". London:SOAS University of London. Retrieved2 November 2020.
- Wright, J. Clifford (March 2017)."Jain studies"(PDF). London:SOAS University of London. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 December 2020. Retrieved2 November 2020.
- Sarvamangala, G. (2008)."Santaras of Humcha – a cultural study"(PDF).Shodhganga. Retrieved3 November 2020.
- ASI."Basadis and Inscriptions, Humcha".Archaeological Survey of India. Archived fromthe original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved2 November 2020.
- "Shimoga Dist Gazetteer 1975 - History"(PDF).Karnataka Gazetteer Department. 1975.
- Jaganathan, Rijutha (22 August 2017)."Humcha's Jain heritage".Deccan Herald. Retrieved2 November 2020.
- Kumar, R. Krishna (10 December 2017)."Tracking the lesser-known Bahubalis of Karnataka".The Hindu. Retrieved2 November 2020.
- Prashad S, Shyam (4 November 2019)."Six secrets unearthed from an ancient village".Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved13 December 2020.
- "Partially damaged Nishidhi stone inscription found".The Hindu. 4 November 2019. Retrieved13 December 2020.
External links
edit
Media related toHumcha Basadis at Wikimedia Commons
