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House of Este

TheHouse of Este (UK:/ˈɛsti/EST-ee,[7]US:/ˈɛsteɪ/EST-ay,[8][9]Italian:[ˈɛste]) is a Europeandynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries.

House of Este
Casa d'Este

Estensi
Princelynoble family
Arms of the House of Este (1239–1431)
Parent familyObertenghi[1][2]
CountryDuchy of Ferrara
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Papal StatesPapal States
EtymologyFrom the town ofEste
Founded1097; 928 years ago (1097)
FounderAlbert Azzo II[a]
Final rulerErcole III (Modena)
Maria Beatrice (Massa & Carrara)
Titles
Connected families
Motto
Ab Insomni Non Custodita Dracone[5]

(Unattended by the tireless dragon[6])
HeirloomsGalleria Estense
Estate(s)Castello Estense (Ferrara)
Ducal Palace (Modena)
List
Dissolution1829 (1829)
Cadet branchesHabsburg-Este (cognatic)
BranchesHouse of Welf (elder branch of the original House of Este)

The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as theHouse of Welf, included dukes ofBavaria and ofBrunswick. This branch produced Britain'sHanoverian monarchs, as well as oneEmperor of Russia (Ivan VI) and oneHoly Roman Emperor (Otto IV).

The original House of Este's younger branch, which is simply called the House of Este, included rulers ofFerrara (1240–1597), and ofModena (900–1859) andReggio (1288–1796).[10] This branch's male line became extinct with the death ofErcole III in 1803.

Origins

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According toEdward Gibbon, the family originated from the RomanAttii family, which migrated fromRome toEste[11] to defend Italy against theOstrogoths. However, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. The names of the early members of the family indicate that a Frankish origin is much more likely. TheEncyclopædia Britannica regards this family as a branch of theObertenghi.[1][2]

The first known member of the house was Margrave Adalbert ofMainz, known only as the father ofOberto I,Count palatine ofItaly, who died around 975. Oberto's grandson,Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan (996–1097) built a castle atEste, nearPadua, and named himself after the location. He had three sons from two marriages, two of whom became the ancestors of the two branches of the family:

  • Welf IV, the eldest (d. 1101), was the son of Kunigunde (d. 1056), the last of theElder Welfs. He inherited the property of his maternal uncle,Welf, Duke of Carinthia, became duke ofBavaria in 1070, and is the ancestor of the elder branch, theHouse of Welf.
  • Hugh, issue of Azzo's second marriage to Garsend of Maine, inherited the French County ofMaine, a legacy of his mother's dowry, but sold it one year later and died without heirs.
  • Fulco I, Margrave of Milan (d. about 1128/35), the third son, is the ancestor of the younger Italian line of Este.

The two surviving branches, with DukeHenry the Lion of Saxony and Bavaria on the German (Welf dynasty) side, concluded an agreement in 1154 which allocated the family's Italian possessions to the younger line, the Fulc-Este, who in the course of time acquired Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. Este itself was taken over in 1275 byPadua, and in 1405 (together with Padua) byVenice.

Elder branch – Younger House of Welf

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George I, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Prince-Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick. Portrait c. 1714, the year of his accession, bySir Godfrey Kneller.

The elder branch of the original House of Este, known as the House of Welf (were also called Guelfs "Guelf" or "Guelph" which derives from the Italianized name for original “Welf”), produced dukes ofBavaria (1070–1139, 1156–1180), dukes ofSaxony (1138–1139, 1142–1180), a Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV (1198–1218), dukes ofBrunswick and Lüneburg (1208–1806), later also dukes ofSaxe-Lauenburg (1689–1803), styled the "Electors of Hanover" in 1705, and princes ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1269–1807). The House of Welf gave Great Britain and theUnited Kingdom the "Hanoverian monarchs" (1714–1901) as well as gave Russia an emperorIvan VI.

After thepeace ending theNapoleonic Wars reshaped Europe, ushering in themodern era, theElectorate of Hanover (duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, held inpersonal union by the king of Great Britain,George III) was dissolved by treaty. Its lands were enlarged and the state was promoted to akingdom. The new kingdom existed from 1815 to 1866, but upon the accession ofQueen Victoria (who could not inherit Hanover underSalic law) in 1837, it passed to her uncle,Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, and thus ceased to be in personal union with the British Crown.

The senior branch of the House of Welf continued to be ruled by the princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, as undisputed until the death of the ruling duke of Brunswick PrinceWilliam VIII, in 1884. Prior to his death, his brotherCharles II from Geneva, as exiled de jure ruler of the house, had declared thePrussian annexation of the crown and the earlier Hanoverian usurpation absolutely illegal acts of usurpation inside of the German House. At his death, his grandson continued internationally recognized appeals. Hanover formed the Guelph Party (or German Party) to continue political appeals against the Prussian and German annexations of the crown.

Younger branch – Margraves of Este

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Arms of the House of Este

All later generations of the Italian branch are descendants of Fulco d'Este. From 1171 on, his descendants were titledMargraves of Este.

Obizzo I (d. 1193), the first margrave, battled against EmperorFrederick I Barbarossa. His nephewAzzo d'Este VI (1170–1212) becamepodestà ofMantua andVerona. As thedowry of his niecethe Marchesella, Ferrara passed toAzzo VI d'Este In 1146, with the last of the Adelardi. In 1242 Azzo VIINovello was nominated podestà for his lifetime.

The lordship of Ferrara was made hereditary byObizzo II (d. 1293), who was proclaimedLord of Ferrara in 1264, Lord ofModena in 1288, and Lord ofReggio in 1289. Ferrara was a papal fief and the Este family were given the position of hereditary papal vicars in 1332.

Ferrara became a significant center of culture underNiccolò d'Este III (1384–1441), who received severalpopes with great magnificence, especiallyEugene IV. He held a Council in Ferrara in 1438, later known as theCouncil of Florence.

His successors were his illegitimate sonsLeonello (1407–1450) andBorso (1413–1471), who was elevated to Duke of Modena and Reggio by EmperorFrederick III in 1452, receiving these duchies as imperial fiefs. In 1471, he received the duchy of Ferrara as papal fief fromPope Paul II, for which occasion splendidfrescoes were executed atPalazzo Schifanoia.

Borso was succeeded by a half-brother,Ercole (1431–1505), who was one of the most significant patrons of the arts in late 15th and early 16th century Italy. Ferrara grew into a cultural center renowned especially for music;Josquin des Prez worked for Duke Ercole,Jacob Obrecht came to Ferrara twice, andAntoine Brumel served as principal musician from 1505. Ercole's daughterBeatrice (1475–1497) marriedLudovico Sforza,Duke of Milan; another daughter,Isabella (1474–1539), married Francesco Gonzaga, Marquess ofMantua.

Ercole I's successor was his sonAlfonso I (1476–1534), third husband ofLucrezia Borgia, daughter ofPope Alexander VI, sister toCesare Borgia. Alfonso I was a patron ofAriosto.

The son of Alfonso andLucrezia Borgia,Ercole d'Este II (1508–1559), marriedRenée of France, daughter ofLouis XII of France. His sonAlfonso II first married Lucrezia, daughter of grand-dukeCosimo I of Tuscany. After she died, he married Barbara, the sister ofMaximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527–1576). His third wife,Margherita Gonzaga, was daughter of theduke of Mantua.

Alfonso II raised the glory of Ferrara to its highest point, continuing the patron ofTorquato Tasso andGiovanni Battista Guarini and in general favoring the arts and sciences, as the princes of his house had always done. The legitimate line ended in 1597 with him; as his heir, EmperorRudolph II recognized his first cousinCesare d'Este (1533–1628), member of acadet branch born out of wedlock, who continued to rule in the imperial duchies and carried on the family name. Ferrara, on the other hand, was annexed by force of arms in 1598 by PopeClement VIII on grounds of the heir's illegitimacy and incorporated into thePapal States.

During the 18th century, the unhappy marriage between the last male heir of the Este family, the future DukeErcole III, and the sovereignDuchess of Massa and Carrara,Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, produced only one surviving child,Maria Beatrice. However, theSalic law excluded her, as a woman, from the succession to her father, while she was entitled to succeed her mother since the Salic law was derogated in the Duchy of Massa and Carrara by virtue of a 1529 decree of the EmperorCharles V.

When it became obvious that the princely couple would not produce a large offspring, the reigning Duke,Francesco III, set out to prevent Modena from suffering the same fate as Ferrara almost two centuries earlier. Thus, in 1753, two simultaneous treaties (one public and one secret) were concluded between the House of Este and theHouse of Austria, by which theArchduke Leopold, EmpressMaria Theresa's ninth-born child and third son, and Maria Beatrice were engaged, and the former was designated by Francesco III as heir for the imperial investiture as Duke of Modena and Reggio in the event of extinction of the Este male line. In the meantime, Francesco would cover the office of governor of Milan ad interim, which was destined for the archduke.

In 1761, however, following the death of anolder brother, Leopold became heir to the throne of theGrand Duchy of Tuscany as provided for the second male heir of the imperial couple, and the treaties had to be revised. In 1763, in spite of the harsh opposition of Maria Beatrice's father, the two families agreed to simply replace the name of Leopold with that of Maria Theresa's fourteenth child,Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria, who was four years younger than his betrothed. In January 1771 thePerpetual Diet of Regensburg ratified Ferdinand's future investiture and, in October, Maria Beatrice and he finally got married in Milan, thus giving rise to the newHouse of Austria-Este.

Ercole III finally ascended the throne in 1780 upon the death of Francesco III, but wasdeposed in 1796 by the French. His States were transformed into theCispadane Republic, which one year later was merged into theCisalpine Republic and then into theNapoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Ercole was compensated with the small principality ofBreisgau in southwestern Germany, and when he died in 1803, it passed to his son-in-law, who in 1806 lost it to the enlarged and elevatedGrand Duchy of Baden during theNapoleonic reorganization of the western territories of the defunctHoly Roman Empire. In December of that same year, Ferdinand died without ever having had the opportunity to exercise his prerogatives as heir to the Este States.

Maria Beatrice had succeeded her mother as Duchess of Massa and Carrara in 1790, but she too had been deposed by the French invasion in 1796.

House of Habsburg-Este

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Main article:Austria-Este

Gallery

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  • The House of Este held the city Este until 1240, when they moved their capital to Ferrara
  • Original Coat of Arms of Este 1239–1431
  • Coat of Arms of Este 1431–1452
  • Coat of arms of Este 1452–1471
  • Coat of Arms of Este in 1471
  • Coat of Arms of Este 1471–1535
  • Coat of Arms of Este 1535–1741
  • Coat of Arms of Este in 1741
  • Coat of Arms ofAustria-Este
  • Arms of Austria-Este as borne byArchduke Franz Ferdinand

See also

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References

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  1. ^Although the firstMarquis of Este was Fulco I's fatherAlbert Azzo II, Fulco is considered the progenitor of the Italian branch of the dynasty,[3] while his brotherWelf I the progenitor of the German line (See YoungerHouse of Welf).[4]
  1. ^abSimeoni, Luigi; Canevazzi, Giovanni (1932)."Este". In Treccani (ed.).Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian).
  2. ^ab"House of Este".Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. ^Treccani, ed. (1997)."Folco".Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. XLVIII.
  4. ^Treccani (ed.)."Guèlfi" (in Italian). RetrievedJune 6, 2019.
  5. ^"Una delle fatiche di Ercole, eroe preferito in casa d'Este".la Nuova Ferrara (in Italian). November 7, 2011.
  6. ^Tausin, Henri (1878).Dictionnaire des Devises historiques et héraldiques. B. Dumoulin. p. 386.
  7. ^"Este".Collins English Dictionary.HarperCollins. Retrieved2 June 2019.
  8. ^"Este".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved2 June 2019.
  9. ^"Este".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved2 June 2019.
  10. ^Gilmour, David (2011).The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and Their Peoples. London; New York: Allen Lane. p. 175.ISBN 978-1-84614-251-2.
  11. ^The miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon Vol 3 page 172

Further reading

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  • Trevor Dean,Land and Power in Late Medieval Ferrara: The Rule of the Este, 1350–1450.(Cambridge University Press) 1987.

External links

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