TheHoover Institution (officiallyThe Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace and formerlyThe Hoover Institute and Library on War, Revolution, and Peace^[2]) is an Americanpublic policythink tank which promotespersonal and economic liberty,free enterprise, andlimited government.^[3][4][5] While the institution is formally a unit ofStanford University, it maintains an independent board of overseers and relies on its own income and donations.^[6][7][8] It is widely described asconservative, although its directors have contested the idea that it ispartisan.^[9][10]

The Hoover Institution

Hoover Tower in May 2014
Abbreviation	Hoover
Formation	June 1919; 105 years ago (1919-06)
Founder	Herbert Hoover
Type	Public policythink tank
Tax ID no.	94-1156365
Legal status	501(c)(3) organization
Purpose	Public policy research in economics, history, and national security.
Professional title	The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace
Location	United States 434 Galvez Mall Stanford, California (Stanford University), U.S. 94305
Coordinates	37°26′N122°10′W / 37.43°N 122.17°W /37.43; -122.17
Director	Condoleezza Rice
Parent organization	Stanford University
Subsidiaries	Hoover Institution Press Hoover Institution Library and Archives Uncommon Knowledge Battlegrounds Defining Ideas Hoover Digest
Revenue	$104.6 million[1] (2023)
Expenses	$93.2 million[1] (2023)
Endowment	$782 million
Award(s)	National Humanities Medal
Website	www.hoover.org
Formerly called	Hoover War Collection

The institution began in 1919 as a library founded by Stanford alumnusHerbert Hoover prior to his presidency in order to house his archives gathered during theGreat War.^[11] The well-knownHoover Tower was built to house the archives, then known as the Hoover War Collection (now theHoover Institution Library and Archives), and contained material related toWorld War I,World War II, and other global events. The collection was renamed and transformed into a research institution ("think tank") during the mid-20th century. Its mission, as described by Herbert Hoover in 1959, is "to recall the voice of experience against the making of war, and by the study of these records and their publication, to recall man's endeavors to make and preserve peace, and to sustain for America the safeguards of the American way of life."^[12]

It has staffed numerous jobs in Washington for Republican presidents fromRichard Nixon toDonald Trump.^[13] It has provided work for people who previously had important government jobs. Notable Hoover fellows and alumni includeNobel Prize laureatesHenry Kissinger,Milton Friedman, andGary Becker; economistThomas Sowell; scholarsNiall Ferguson andRichard Epstein; formerSpeaker of the House of RepresentativesNewt Gingrich; and former Secretary of DefenseJames N. Mattis. In 2020, former Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice became the institution's director. It divides itsfellows into separate research teams to work on various subjects, includingEconomic Policy,History,Education, andLaw.^[14] It publishes research by its ownuniversity press, the Hoover Institution Press.^[15]

In 2021, Hoover was ranked as the 10th most influential think tank in the world byAcademic Influence.^[16] It was ranked 22nd on the "Top Think Tanks in United States" and 1st on the "Top Think Tanks to Look Out For" lists of theThink Tanks and Civil Societies Program that same year.^[17]

In June 1919,Herbert Hoover, then a wealthy engineer who was one ofStanford University's first graduates, sent a telegram offering Stanford presidentRay Lyman Wilbur $50,000 in order to assist the collection of primary materials related toWorld War I, a project that became known as the Hoover War Collection. Assisted primarily by gifts from private donors, the Hoover War Collection flourished during its early years. In 1922, the collection became known as the Hoover War Library, now known as theHoover Institution Library and Archives, and includes a variety of rare and unpublished material, including the files of theOkhrana and a plurality of government documents produced during the war.^[18][19] It was housed originally in theStanford Library, separate from the general stacks. In his memoirs, Hoover wrote:

I did a vast amount of reading, mostly on previous wars, revolutions, and peace-makings of Europe and especially the political and economic aftermaths. At one time I set up some research at London, Paris, and Berlin into previous famines in Europe to see if there had developed any ideas on handling relief and pestilence. ... I was shortly convinced that gigantic famine would follow the present war. The steady degeneration of agriculture was obvious. ... I read in one ofAndrew D. White's writings that most of the fugitive literature of comment during theFrench Revolution was lost to history because no one set any value on it at the time, and that without such material it became very difficult or impossible to reconstruct the real scene. Therein lay the origins of the Library on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University.^[20]

By 1926, the Hoover War Library was the largest library in the world devoted toWorld War I, including 1.4 million items and too large to house in the Stanford University Library, so the university allocated $600,000 for the construction of theHoover Tower, which was designed to be its permanent home independent of the Stanford Library system. The 285-foot tall tower was completed in 1941 on date of the university'sgolden jubilee.^[21][22] The tower has since been a well-recognized part of the Stanford campus.^[23]

In 1956, former President Hoover, in conjunction with the Institution and Library, began a major fundraising campaign that transitioned the organization to its current form as a research institution as well as archive.

In 1957, the Hoover Institution and Library was renamed the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, its current name.^[24] In 1959, Stanford's Board of Trustees officially established the Hoover Institution as "an independent institution within the frame of Stanford University".^[19]

In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon resulted in corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. Despite student unrest during the 1960s, the institution continued to develop closer relations with Stanford University.^[25]

In 1975,Ronald Reagan, who wasGovernor of California at that time, was designated as Hoover's first honorary fellow. He donated his gubernatorial papers to the Hoover library.^[26] During that time the Hoover Institution had a general budget of $3.5 million a year. In 1976, one third of Stanford University's book holdings were housed at the Hoover library. At that time, it was the largest private archive collection in the United States.^[23]

For hispresidential campaign in 1980, Reagan engaged at least thirteen Hoover scholars to assist the campaign in multiple capacities.^[27] After Reagan won the election, more than thirty current or former Hoover Institution fellows worked for the Reagan administration in 1981.^[23]

In 1989, Campbell retired as director of Hoover and replaced by John Raisian, a change that was considered the end of an era.^[28] Raisan served as director until 2015, and was succeeded byThomas W. Gilligan.^[29]

In 2001, Hoover Senior fellowCondoleezza Rice joined theGeorge W. Bush administration, serving as National Security Advisor from 2001 to 2005 and as Secretary of State from 2005 to 2009. In 2006,President George W. Bush awarded theNational Humanities Medal to the Hoover Institution.^[30]

In August 2017, the David and Joan Traitel Building was inaugurated. The ground floor is a conference facility with a 400-seatauditorium and the top floor houses the Hoover Institution's headquarters.^[31]

At any given time, as of 2017, the Hoover Institution has as many as 200 resident scholars known as fellows. They are an interdisciplinary group studying political science, education, economics, foreign policy, energy, history, law, national security, health and politics. Some have joint appointments as lecturers on the Stanford faculty.^[32]

Thefirst Trump administration maintained relations with the institution during his presidency, and several Hoover employees became senior advisors or were hired for jobs in his administration, including Secretary of DefenseJames N. Mattis, who was the Davies Family Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Hoover from 2013 to 2016, where he studied leadership, national security, strategy, innovation, and the effective use of military force.^[33]

In March 2019, Mattis returned to his post at Hoover.^[34] Distinguished Visiting FellowKevin Hassett became the first chairman of Trump'sCouncil of Economic Advisors (CEA). The CEA chief principal economist, Josh Rauh, took leave from his Hoover Institution fellowship. After the third CEA chairmanTyler Goodspeed resigned in 2021, he went to Hoover.^[35]

In February 2020, the Hoover board of trustees brought in senior Trump economic officials for off-the-record forecasts. According toThe New York Times, "The president’s aides appeared to be giving wealthy party donors an early warning of a potentially impactful contagion at a time when Mr. Trump was publicly insisting that the threat was nonexistent." The board members spread the bad news and the stock market had a selloff.^[36]

In 2020,Condoleezza Rice succeededThomas W. Gilligan as director.^[29]

In November 2020,Scott Atlas, a Hoover fellow, was known for opposing public health measures as a major Trump advisor during theCOVID-19 pandemic, and was condemned by aStanford University faculty vote in November 2020.^[37]

In January 2021, during Stanford University faculty senate discussions on closer collaboration between the university and the Institution in 2021, Rice "addressed campus criticism that the Hoover Institution is a partisan think tank that primarily supports conservative administrations and policy positions" by sharing "statistics that show Hoover fellows contribute financially to both political parties on an equal basis", according to the university's newsletter.^[6]

According toDeSmog, the Hoover Institution acceptsscientific consensus on climate change, but has long opposedclimate action.^[38] Some Hoover fellows downplayclimate change.^[38]

The Institution has libraries which include materials from bothWorld War I andWorld War II, including the collection of documents of PresidentHerbert Hoover, which he began to collect at theParis Peace Conference of 1919.^[39] Thousands ofPersian books, official documents, letters, multimedia pieces and other materials onIran's history, politics and culture can also be found at the Stanford University library and the Hoover Institution library.^[40]

The Hoover Institution's in-house publisher, Hoover Institution Press, produces publications on public policy topics, including the quarterly periodicalsHoover Digest,Education Next,China Leadership Monitor, andDefining Ideas. The Hoover Institution Press previously published the bimonthly periodicalPolicy Review, which it acquired fromThe Heritage Foundation in 2001.^[41]Policy Review ceased publication with its February–March 2013 issue.

The Hoover Institution Press also publishes books and essays by Hoover Institution fellows and other Hoover-affiliated scholars.^{[42][43][44][45][46]}

The Hoover Institution receives nearly half of its funding from private gifts, primarily from individual contributions, and the other half from its endowment.^[47]

Funders of the organization include the Taube Family Foundation, theKoret Foundation, theHoward Charitable Foundation, theSarah Scaife Foundation, theWalton Foundation, theLynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, and theWilliam E. Simon Foundation.^[48]

Funding sources and expenditures, FY 2022^[49]

In May 2018, the Hoover Institution's website listed 198 fellows. Fellowship appointments do not require the approval of Stanford tenure committees.^[50]

Below is a list of directors and some of the more prominent fellows, former and current.

• Friedrich Hayek, philosopher and Nobel laureate in economics^[26] (deceased)
• Ronald Reagan, formerPresident of the United States^[26] (deceased)
• Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,Soviet dissident and Nobel laureate in literature^[26] (deceased)
• Margaret Thatcher, formerPrime Minister of the United Kingdom^[53] (deceased)

• George Shultz, formerU.S. Secretary of State^[54] (deceased)

• Mark Bils, macroeconomist, National Fellow 1989–90^[64]
• Stephen Kotkin, historian, National Fellow 2010–11^[65]

• List of Stanford University Centers and Institutes

• Duignan, Peter. "The Library of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Part I. Origin and Growth."Library History 17.1 (2001): 3-20.
• Dwyer, Joseph D., ed.Russia, the Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe: A Survey of Holdings at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace (Hoover Press, 1980)online.
• Kiester, Sally Valente. "New Influence for Stanford's Hoover Institution."Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 13.7 (1981): 46-50.online, on role in Reagan administration
• Palm, Charles G., and Dale Reed.Guide to the Hoover Institution Archives (Hoover Press, 1980)online.
• Paul, Gary Norman. "The Development of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace Library, 1919–1944". PhD dissertation U. of California, Berkeley.Dissertation Abstracts International 1974 35(3): 1682–1683a, 274 pp.
• Reed, Dale, and Michael Jakobson. "Trotsky Papers at the Hoover Institution: One Chapter of an Archival Mystery Story."American Historical Review 92.2 (1987): 363-375.online
• Scott, Erik R.Defining Moments: The First One Hundred Years of the Hoover Institution (2019)online book review

• Official website 
• "Hoover Institution". Internal Revenue Service filings.ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
• Hoover Institution FBI files hosted at theInternet Archive

37°25′38″N122°09′59″W / 37.4271°N 122.1664°W /37.4271; -122.1664