InIndian religions, ahoma (Sanskrit: होम), also known ashavan, is a fire ritual performed on special occasions. InHinduism, by aHindu priest usually for a homeowner ("grihastha": one possessing a home). The grihasth keeps different kinds of fire including one to cook food, heat a home, among other uses; therefore, a Yajnaoffering is made directly into the fire.^[1][2] A homa is sometimes called a "sacrifice ritual" because the fire destroys the offering, but a homa is more accurately a "votive ritual".^[1] The fire is the agent, and the offerings include those that are material and symbolic such as grains,ghee, milk, incense, and seeds.^[1][3]

It is rooted in theVedic religion,^[4] and was also adopted in ancient times byBuddhism andJainism.^[1][3] The practice spread from India to Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.^[1] Homa rituals remain an important part of many Hindu ceremonies, and variations of homa continue to be practiced in current-day Buddhism, particularly in parts of Tibet and Japan.^[4][5] It is also found in modern Jainism.^[4][6]

A homa is also calledyajna in Hinduism, sometimes for larger public fire rituals, orjajnavidhana orgoma in Buddhism.^[3][7] In modern times, a homa tends to be a private ritual around a symbolic fire, such as those observed at a wedding.^[8]

The Sanskrit wordhoma (होम) is from the roothu, which refers to "pouring into fire, offer, sacrifice".^[9][10][11]

Homa traditions are found across Asia, fromSamarkand toJapan, over a 3000-year history.^[4] Ahoma, in all its Asian variations, is a ceremonial ritual that offers food to fire and is ultimately linked to the traditions contained in the Vedic religion.^[4] The tradition reflects a reverence for fire and cooked food (pākayajña) that developed in Asia, and theBrahmana layers of theVedas are the earliest records of this ritual reverence.^[12]

Theyajñā or fire sacrifice became a distinct feature of the earlyśruti rituals.^[4] Aśrauta ritual is a form ofquid pro quo where through the fire ritual, a sacrificer offered something to the gods and goddesses, and the sacrificer expected something in return.^[15][16] The Vedic ritual consisted of sacrificial offerings of something edible or drinkable,^[17] such as milk,clarified butter, yoghurt, rice, barley, an animal, or anything of value, offered to the gods with the assistance of fire priests.^[18][19] This Vedic tradition split into śrauta (śruti-based) andSmarta (Smṛti-based).^[4]

The homa ritual practices were observed by different Buddhist and Jaina traditions, states Phyllis Granoff, with their texts appropriating the "ritual eclecticism" of Hindu traditions, albeit with variations that evolved through medieval times.^[4][6][20] The homa-style Vedic sacrifice ritual, states Musashi Tachikawa, was absorbed into Mahayana Buddhism and homa rituals continue to be performed in some Buddhist traditions in Tibet, China, and Japan.^[5][21]

The homa ritual grammar is common to manysamskara (rite of passage) ceremonies in various Hindu traditions.^[22][23][24] The Vedic fire ritual, at the core of various homa ritual variations in Hinduism, is a "bilaterally symmetrical" structure of a rite.^[25] It often combines fire and water, burnt offerings, and soma; fire as masculine, earth and water as feminine, the fire vertical and reaching upward while the altar, offerings, and liquids being horizontal.^[25] The homa ritual's altar (fire pit) is itself a symmetry, most often a square, a design principle that is also at the heart of temples and mandapas in Indian religions.^[26] The sequence of homa ritual events similarly, from beginning to end, are structured around the principles of symmetry.^[25] ).^[25]

The fire-altar (vedi or homa/havan kunda) is generally made of brick or stone or a copper vessel, and is almost always built specifically for the occasion, being dismantled immediately afterward. This fire-altar is invariably built in square shape. While very largevedis are occasionally built for major publichomas, the usual altar may be as small as one foot square and rarely exceeds three feet square.^{[citation needed]}

A ritual space of homa, the altar is temporary and movable.^[1] The first step in a homa ritual is the construction of the ritual enclosure (mandapa), and the last step is its deconstruction.^[1] The altar and mandapa is consecrated by a priest, creating a sacred space for the ritual ceremony, with recitation ofmantras. With hymns sung, the fire is started, offerings collected. The sacrificer enters, symbolically cleanses himself or herself, with water, joins the homa ritual, gods invited, prayers recited, conch shell blown. The sacrificers pour offerings and libations into the fire, with hymns sung, to the sounds ofsvaha.^[27] The oblations and offerings typically consist of clarified butter (ghee), milk, curd, sugar, saffron, grains, coconut, perfumed water, incense, seeds, petals, and herbs.^[28][29]

The altar and the ritual is a symbolic representation of the Hindu cosmology, a link between reality and the worlds of gods and living beings.^[10] The ritual is also a symmetric exchange, a "quid pro quo", wherein humans offer something to the gods through the medium of fire, and in return expect that the gods will reciprocate with strength and that which they have power to influence.^[10][16]

The homa (護摩,goma) ritual of consecrated fire is found in some Buddhist traditions of Tibet, China, and Japan.^[5][21] Its roots are the Vedic ritual, it evokes Buddhist deities, and is performed by qualified Buddhist priests.^[5][32] In Chinese translations of Buddhist texts such asKutadanta Sutta,Dighanikaya, andSuttanipata, dated to be from the 6th to 8th century, the Vedic homa practice is attributed to Buddha's endorsement along with the claim that Buddha was the original teacher of theVedas in his previous lives.^[32]

In some Buddhist homa traditions, such as in Japan, the central deity invoked in this ritual is usuallyAcalanātha (Fudō Myōō, 不動明王, lit. "Immovable Wisdom King").Acalanātha is another name for the godRudra in the Vedic tradition, forVajrapani orChakdor in Tibetan traditions, and ofSotshirvani in Siberia.^[33][34] The Acala Homa ritual procedure follows the same Vedic protocols found in Hinduism, with offerings into the fire by priests who recite mantras being the main part of the ritual and the devotees clap hands as different rounds of hymns have been recited.^[35] Other versions of the Vedic homa (goma) rituals are found in theTendai andShingon Buddhist traditions as well as inShugendō andBuddhist-Shinto syncretism in Japan.^[36][37][38]

In most Shingon temples, this ritual is performed daily in the morning or the afternoon, and is a requirement for all acharyas to learn this ritual upon entering the priesthood.^[39] The original medieval era texts of thegoma rituals are in Siddham Sanskrit seed words and Chinese, with added Japanese katakana to assist the priests in proper pronunciation.^[40] Larger scale ceremonies often include multiple priests, chanting, the beating ofTaiko drums and blowing of conch shell (horagai) around the mandala with fire as the ceremonial focus.^[30][31] Homa rituals (sbyin sreg) widely feature in Tibetan Buddhism and Bön and are linked to a variety of Mahayana Buddhas and tantric deities.^[41]

Homa rituals are also found inJainism.^[4][6] For example, theGhantakarn ritual is a homa sacrifice, which has evolved over the centuries, and where ritual offerings are made into fire, withpancamrit (milk, curd, sugar, saffron, and clarified butter) and other symbolic items such as coconut, incense, seeds, and herbs.^[42][43] The mantra recited by Jains include those in Sanskrit, and the 16th-century Svetambara textGhantakarna Mantra Stotra is a Sanskrit text which describes the homa ritual dedicated toGhantakarna Mahavira in one of the Jaina sects.^[42][44]

TheAdipurana of Jainism, in section 47.348, describes a Vedic fire ritual in the memory ofRishabha.^[45] Traditional Jaina wedding ceremonies, like among the Hindus, is a Vedic fire sacrifice ritual.^[43][46]

• Dhuni
• Holocaust (sacrifice)
• Kupala Night
• Lag BaOmer
• Walpurgis Night
• Yajna

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