Thehistory of Crete goes back to the7th millennium BC, preceding the ancientMinoan civilization by more than four millennia. The Minoan civilization was thefirst civilization in Europe.^[1]

During theIron Age,Crete developed anAncient Greece-influenced organization ofcity-states, then successively became part of theRoman Empire, theByzantine Empire, theVenetian Republic, theOttoman Empire, an autonomous state, and the modern state ofGreece.^[2]

Excavations in South Crete in 2008–2009 revealed stone tools at least 130,000 years old, including bifacial ones ofAcheulean type. This was a sensational discovery, as the previously accepted earliest sea crossing in the Mediterranean was thought to occur around 12,000 BC. This suggests that the island may have been visited byarchaic humans during theMiddle Pleistocene.^[3][4][5] During theLate Pleistocene, the island was ecologically isolated, and only inhabited by a few mammal species, including deer belonging to theendemic genusCandiacervus, a lineage of mice (Mus bateae,M. minotaurus), adwarf elephant (Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi), theCretan otter (Lutrogale (Isolalutra) cretensis), and theCretan shrew (Crocidura zimmermanni),^[6] as well as the large terrestrialCretan owl (Athene cretensis) all of which but the shrew are now extinct.^[6][7]

Stone tools indicate that the island was inhabited byMesolithic hunter gatherers during the Early Holocene.^[3] TheNeolithic begins on Crete around 9000 yearsBefore Present /7000 BC.^[8] In theNeolithic period, some of the early influences on the development ofCretan culture arise from theCyclades and fromEgypt; cultural records are written in the undeciphered script known as "Linear A". The archaeological record of Crete includesMinoan palaces, houses, roads, paintings and sculptures.Early Neolithic settlements in Crete includeKnossos andTrapeza.

For the earlier times,radiocarbon dating of organic remains and charcoal offers some dates. Based on this, it is thought that Crete was inhabited from about 130,000 years ago, in theLower Paleolithic,^[9] perhaps not continuously, with a Neolithic farming culture from the7th millennium BC onwards. The first settlers introducedcattle,sheep,goats,pigs, anddogs, as well as domesticated cereals andlegumes.

Remains of a settlement found under the Bronze Age palace atKnossos date to the 7th millennium BC. Up to now, Knossos remains the onlyaceramic site. The settlement covered approximately 350,000 square metres. The sparse animal bones contain the above-mentioned domestic species as well as deer, badger, marten and mouse: the extinction of the local megafauna had not left much game behind.

Neolithic pottery is known from Knossos, Lera Cave andGerani Cave.^[10] TheLate Neolithic sees a proliferation of sites, pointing to a population increase. In the late Neolithic, the donkey and the rabbit were introduced to the island; deer and agrimi were hunted. TheKri-kri, a feral goat, preserves traits of the early domesticates. Horse, fallow deer and hedgehog are only attested from Minoan times onwards.

Crete was the centre of Europe's most ancient civilization, theMinoans. Tablets inscribed inLinear A have been found in numerous sites in Crete, and a few in the Aegean islands. The Minoans established themselves in many islands besidesAncient Crete: secure identifications of Minoan off-island sites includeKea,Kythera,Milos,Rhodes, and above all,Thera (Santorini).

Because of a lack of written records, estimates of theMinoan chronology are based on well-establishedMinoan pottery styles, which can at points be tied to Egyptian andAncient Near Eastern chronologies by finds away from Crete and clear influences. Archaeologists ever sinceSir Arthur Evans have identified and uncovered the palace-complex atKnossos, the most famous Minoan site. Other palace sites in Crete such asPhaistos have uncovered magnificent stone-built, multi-story palaces containing drainage systems,^[11] and the queen had a bath and a flushing toilet. The expertise displayed in the hydraulic engineering was of a very high level. There were no defensive walls to the complexes. By the 16th century BC pottery and other remains on the Greek mainland show that the Minoans had far-reaching contacts on the mainland. In the 16th century a major earthquake caused destruction on Crete and on Thera that was swiftly repaired.

The collapse of the Mycenaean civilization was followed by the appearance of the first Greekcity-states in the 9th century BC and the epics ofHomer in the 8th century BC. Some of the Dorian cities that prospered on Crete during those times areKydonia,Lato,Dreros,Gortyn andEleutherna.

In theClassical and Hellenistic period Crete fell into a pattern of combative city-states, harboring pirates. In the late 4th century BC, the aristocratic order began to collapse due to endemic infighting among the elite, and Crete's economy was weakened by prolonged wars between city states. During the 3rd century BC,Gortyn, Kydonia (Chania),Lyttos andPolyrrhenia challenged the primacy of ancient Knossos.

While the cities continued to prey upon one another, they invited into their feuds mainland powers likeMacedon and its rivalsRhodes andPtolemaic Egypt. In 220 BC the island was tormented by awar between two coalitions of cities. As a result, the Macedonian kingPhilip V gainedhegemony over Crete which lasted to the end of theCretan War (205–200 BC), when theRhodians opposed the rise of Macedon and theRomans started to interfere in Cretan affairs. In the 2nd century BC Ierapytna (Ierapetra) gained supremacy on eastern Crete.

Mithridates VI Eupator, ruler of theKingdom of Pontus in northernAnatolia, waged war against theRoman Republic in the year 88 BC in order to halt the advance of Romanhegemony in theAegean Sea region. Mithridates VI sought to dominateAsia Minor and theBlack Sea region, waging several hard-fought but ultimately unsuccessful wars (theMithridatic Wars) to break Roman dominion over Asia and theHellenic world.^[12] He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus.^[13]

Since 133 BC western and central Anatolia had been underRoman control, butHellenistic culture remained predominant. On the pretext thatKnossos was backing Mithridates VI,Marcus Antonius Creticus attacked Crete in 71 BC and was repelled. Rome sentQuintus Caecilius Metellus with three legions to the island. After a ferocious three-year campaign, Crete was conquered by theRoman army in 69 BC, earning the commander Metellus theagnomen "Creticus". At the archaeological sites, there seems to be little evidence of widespread damage associated with the transfer to Roman power: a single palatial house complex seems to have been razed. Gortyn seems to have been pro-Roman and was rewarded by being made the capital of the jointRoman province ofCrete and Cyrenaica.

Further annexations by Rome, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus byPompey, brought all of Anatolia underRoman control, except for the southeastern frontier with theParthian Empire, which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of military conflicts that culminated in theRoman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD).Gortyn was the site of the largest Christianbasilica on Crete, the Basilica ofSaint Titus, dedicated to the first Christian bishop in Crete, to whom theApostle Paul addressed one of his epistles. The churchwas founded in the 1st century AD. The island of Crete continued to be aprovince of the Eastern Roman Empire, otherwise known as theByzantine Empire, a quiet cultural backwater, until it fell into the hands ofAndalusian Muslims underAbu Hafs in the years 820s AD, who established apiratical emirate on the island. The archbishop Cyril of Gortyn was killed and the city so thoroughly devastated it was never reoccupied. Candia (Chandax, modernHeraklion), a city built by the Andalusian Muslims, was made capital of the island instead.

TheEmirate of Crete became a center ofMuslim piratical activity in the Aegean Sea, and a thorn in Byzantium's side. Successive campaigns to recover the island failed until the Byzantine reconquest of Crete in 961 AD, when theByzantine EmperorNikephoros II Phokas defeated and expelled the Muslim Arabs and Berbers from Crete for the Byzantine Empire, and made the island into atheme.^[14]

TheByzantine Greeks held power over the island until theFourth Crusade (1204). In its aftermath, possession of the island was disputed between the Italianmaritime republics ofGenoa andVenice, with the latter eventually solidifying their control by 1212. Despite frequent revolts by the native population, the Venetians retained the island until 1669, when the Ottoman Empiretook possession of it.

(The standard survey for this period is I.F. Sanders,An archaeological survey and Gazetteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete, 1982)

• Annette Bingham, "Crete's Roman past: excavations yield antiquities from the Roman period,"History Today, November 1995

In the partition of the Byzantine empire after the capture ofConstantinople by the armies of theFourth Crusade in 1204, Crete was eventually acquired byVenice, which held it for more than four centuries (the "Kingdom of Candia").

The most important of the many rebellions that broke out during that period was the one known as therevolt of St. Titus. It occurred in 1363, when indigenous Cretans and Venetian settlers exasperated by the hard tax policy exercised by Venice, overthrew official Venetian authorities and declared an independent Cretan Republic. The revolt took Venice five years to quell.

During Venetian rule, the Greek population of Crete was exposed toRenaissance culture. A thriving literature in the Cretan dialect of Greek developed on the island. The best-known work from this period is the poemErotokritos byVitsentzos Kornaros (Βιτσένζος Κορνάρος). Another major Cretan literary figures wereMarcus Musurus (1470–1517),Nicholas Kalliakis (1645–1707),Andreas Musalus (1665–1721), and otherGreek scholars and philosophers who flourished inItaly in the 15–17th centuries.^[15]

Georgios Hortatzis was author of the dramatic workErophile. The painterDomenicos Theotocopoulos, better known asEl Greco, was born in Crete in this period and was trained in Byzantine iconography before moving to Italy and later, Spain.^[16]

During theCretan War (1645–1669), Venice was pushed out of Crete by theOttoman Empire, with most of the island lost after thesiege of Candia (1648–1669), possibly the longest siege in history. The last Venetian outpost on the island,Spinalonga, fell in 1718, and Crete was a part of the Ottoman Empire for the next two centuries. There were significant rebellions against Ottoman rule, particularly inSfakia.Daskalogiannis was a famous rebel leader. One result of the Ottoman conquest was that a sizeable proportion of the population gradually converted to Islam, with its tax and other civic advantages in the Ottoman system. Contemporary estimates vary, but on the eve of the Greek War of Independence as much as 45% of the population of the island may have been Muslim.^[17]

Some Muslim converts werecrypto-Christians, who converted back to Christianity; others fled Crete because of the unrest. By the last Ottoman census in 1881, Christians were 76% of the population, andCretan Turks only 24%. Christians were over 90% of the population in 19 out of 23 of the districts of Crete, but Muslims were over 60% in the three large towns on the north coast, and in Monofatsi.^[18]

TheGreek War of Independence began in 1821, with extensive Cretan participation. An uprising by Christians met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders. SultanMahmud II granted rule over Crete to Egypt's rulerMuhammad Ali Pasha in exchange for his military support. Between 1821 and 1828, the island was the scene of repeated hostilities. The Muslims were driven into the large fortified towns on the north coast and it would appear that as many as 60% of them died from plague or famine while there. The Cretan Christians also suffered severely, losing around 21% of their population in the 1830s.^[19]

Crete was subsequently left out of the new Greek state established under theLondon Protocol of 1830. Its administration by Muhammad Ali was confirmed in theConvention of Kütahya of 1833, but direct Ottoman rule was re-established by theConvention of London of 3 July 1840.

The island's Christians revoltedseveral times against Ottoman rule. Revolts in1841 and1858 secured some privileges, such as the right to bear arms, equality of Christian and Muslim worship, and the establishment of Christian councils of elders with jurisdiction over education andcustomary law. Despite these concessions, the Christian Cretans maintained their ultimate aim of union with Greece, and tensions between the Christian andMuslim communities ran high. Thus, in 1866 the greatCretan Revolt began.

The uprising, which lasted for three years, involved volunteers from Greece and other European countries, where it was viewed with considerable sympathy, particularly after theArkadi Holocaust. Despite early successes of the rebels, who quickly confined the Ottomans to the northern towns, the uprising failed. The OttomanGrand VizierA'ali Pasha personally assumed control of the Ottoman forces and launched a methodical campaign to retake the rural districts, which was combined with promises ofpolitical concessions, notably by the introduction of an Organic Law, which gave the Cretan Christians equal (in practice, because of their superior numbers, majority) control of local administration. His approach bore fruits, as the rebel leaders gradually submitted. By early 1869, the island was again under Ottoman control.

During theCongress of Berlin in the summer of 1878, there was a further rebellion, which was halted quickly by the intervention of the British and the adaptation of the 1867-8 Organic Law into a constitutional settlement known as thePact of Halepa. Crete became a semi-independent parliamentary state within the Ottoman Empire under an Ottoman Governor who had to be a Christian. A number of the senior "Christian Pashas" including Photiades Pasha andKostis Adosidis Pasha ruled the island in the 1880s, presiding over a parliament in which liberals and conservatives contended for power.

Disputes between the two powers led to a further insurgency in 1889 and the collapse of the Pact of Halepa arrangements. The international powers, disgusted at what seemed to be factional politics, allowed the Ottoman authorities to send troops to the island and restore order but did not anticipate that Ottoman SultanAbdul Hamid II would use this as a pretext to end the Halepa Pact Constitution and instead rule the island by martial law. This action led to international sympathy for the Cretan Christians and to a loss of any remaining acquiescence among them to continued Ottoman rule. When a small insurgency began in September 1895, it spread quickly, and by the summer of 1896 the Ottoman forces had lost military control of most of the island.

A newCretan insurrection in 1897 led to the Ottoman Empire declaring war on Greece. However, theGreat Powers (Austria-Hungary,France, theGerman Empire, theKingdom of Italy, theRussian Empire and Great Britain) decided that the Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain control and intervened, dispatching a multinational naval force, theInternational Squadron, to Cretan waters in February 1897. The squadron's senior admirals formed an "Admirals Council" which temporarily governed the island. The International Squadron bombarded Cretan insurgents, placed sailors and marines ashore, and instituted a blockade of Crete and key ports in Greece, bringing organized combat on the island to an end by late March 1897. Soldiers from the armies of five of the powers (Germany refused to participate) then occupied key cities in Crete during late March and April 1897.^[20] Eventually, the Admirals Council decided to establish an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire on Crete.^[21] After a violent riot by Cretan Turks on 6 September 1898 (25 August according to theJulian calendar then in use on Crete, which was 12 days behind the modernGregorian calendar during the 19th century), the admirals also decided to expel all Ottoman troops from Crete, which was accomplished on 6 November 1898. WhenPrince George of Greece arrived in Crete on 21 December 1898 (9 December according to the Julian calendar) as the firstHigh Commissioner of the autonomousCretan State, Crete effectively was detached from the Ottoman Empire, although it remained under the Sultan'ssuzerainty.^[22]

After the expulsion of Ottoman forces in November 1898, the autonomous Cretan State (Official Greek name:Κρητική Πολιτεία), headed by Prince George of Greece and Denmark, was founded under Ottomansuzerainty in December 1898.

Prince George was replaced byAlexandros Zaimis in 1906, and in 1908, taking advantage of domestic turmoil in Turkey as well as the timing of Zaimis's vacation away from the island, the Cretan deputies declared union with Greece.^[23] But this act was not recognized internationally until 1913 after theBalkan Wars when, by theTreaty of London, SultanMehmed V relinquished his formal rights to the island.

In December, the Greek flag was raised at the Firkas fortress in Chania, withEleftherios Venizelos andKing Constantine in attendance, and Crete was unified with mainland Greece. TheCretan Turks minority of Crete initially remained on the island but was later relocated to Turkey under thegeneral population exchange agreed upon in the 1923Treaty of Lausanne between Turkey and Greece.

One of the most important figures to emerge from the end of Ottoman Crete was the liberal politicianEleftherios Venizelos, probably the most important statesman of modern Greece.^{[according to whom?]} Venizelos was an Athens-trained lawyer who was active in liberal circles in Chania, then the Cretan capital. After autonomy, he was first a minister in the government of Prince George and then his most formidable opponent.

In 1910 Venizelos transferred his career to Athens, quickly became the dominant figure on the political scene and in 1912, after careful preparations for a military alliance against the Ottoman Empire with Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria, allowed Cretan deputies to take their place in the Greek Parliament. This was treated as grounds for war by Ottoman Empire but the Balkan allies won a series of sweeping victories in the hostilities that followed (seeBalkan Wars). Ottoman Empire was effectively defeated in the ensuing war and were forced out of the Balkans and Thrace by the Alliance, except for the borders which Turkey continues to hold to this day.

In 1939, the United Kingdom guaranteed military aid to Greece if its territorial integrity was threatened.^[24] The priority of the United Kingdom was to prevent Crete from falling into enemy hands, because the island could be used to defend Egypt, the Suez Canal and the route to India.^[25] British troops landed on Crete with the consent of the Greek Government from 3 November 1940, in order to make the 5th Greek Division of Crete available for the Albanian front.

The invasion of mainland Greece by the Axis powers began on 6 April 1941 and was complete within a few weeks despite the intervention of the armies of the Commonwealth along with Greece. King George II and the Government of Emmanouil Tsouderos were forced to flee Athens and took refuge in Crete on April 23. Crete was also the refuge of Commonwealth troops that fled from the beaches of Attica and the Peloponnese to Crete to organize a new front of resistance.

After the conquest of mainland Greece, Germany turned to Crete and the last stage of the Balkans campaign. After a fierce and bloody conflict betweenNazi Germany and theAllies (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and Greece) that lasted ten days (between the 20 and 31 May 1941), the island fell to the Germans.

On the morning of 20 May 1941, Crete was the theater of the first major airborne assault in history. The Third Reich launched an airborne invasion of Crete under the code name of "Operation Mercury". 17,000 paratroopers under the command of General Kurt Student were dropped at three strategic locations with airfields:Maleme,Heraklion, andRethymnon. Their goal was the capture and control of the three airfields to allow the arrival of reinforcements airlifted by the Luftwaffe from mainland Greece to bypass the Royal Navy and the Hellenic Navy who still controlled the seas.

On 1 June 1941 the Allies completely evacuated the island of Crete. Despite the victory of the German invaders, the eliteGerman paratroopers suffered such heavy losses, from the resistance of the Allied troops and civilians, thatAdolf Hitler forbade further airborne operations of such large scale for the rest of the war.^[26]

From the first days of the invasion, the local population organized aresistance movement, participating widely in guerrilla groups and intelligence networks. The first resistance groups formed in the Cretan mountains as early as June 1941. In September 1943, a memorable battle between the troops of occupation resistance fighters led by "Kapetan" Manolis Bandouvas in the region of Syme resulted in the deaths of eighty-three German soldiers and another thirteen were taken as prisoners. There werereprisals for resistance, German officers routinely used firing squads against Cretan civilians and razed villages to the ground. Standing out amongst the atrocities, are the holocausts ofViannos andKedros inAmari, the destruction ofAnogeia andKandanos and themassacre of Kondomari.^[27]

By late 1944 German forces were withdrawing from Greece to avoid being cut off by the advancing Russian army moving west across Europe. By the end of September, German and Italian troops began withdrawing from Crete. A small force of British troops landed on Crete on October 13, and both Rethymno and Heraklion were liberated as the occupying forces were withdrawn to the Chania area.

FollowingVE Day British SOE officerDennis Ciclitira arranged forGeneralmajorHans-Georg Benthack to formally surrender all German forces on the island to Major-GeneralColin Callander.^[28] On May 9, 1945, Benthack signed an unconditional surrender at the Villa Ariadne atKnossos to Callander, effective "10 o'clock Greenwich Mean Time on the tenth day of May 1945"^[29]

In the aftermath of theDekemvriana in Athens, Cretan leftists were targeted by the right wing paramilitary organization National Organization of Rethymno (EOR), which engaged in attacks in the villages of Koxare and Melampes, as well as Rethymno in January 1945. Those attacks did not escalate into a full scale insurgency as they did in the Greek mainland and the CretanELAS did not surrender its weapons after theTreaty of Varkiza. The Cretan branch of theGreek Communist Party (KKE) was well aware that the island was unsuitable for a long scale insurgency due to its isolation from the mainland and the popularity ofVenizelism and conservative politics among its population. The presence of numerous bandits, escaped convicts and armed deserters in the countryside further complicated the situation. An uneasy truce was maintained until 1947, with a series of arrests of notable communists in Chania and Heraklion. This was followed with the mass arming of right leaning villagers and creation of the first CretanMAY [el] units which were led by Bandouvas in Heraklion and "Kapetan" Gyparis in Chania. Encouraged by orders from the central organization in Athens, KKE launched an insurgency in Crete; marking the beginning of theGreek Civil War on the island. In eastern Crete theDemocratic Army of Greece (DSE) struggled to establish its presence inDikti andPsilorites, after continuously clashing with local bandits, armed peasants and army units. The summer season severely limited the number of available water sources for the rebels, further limiting the space available for their maneuvers. On 1 July 1947, the surviving 55 fighters of DSE were ambushed south of Psilorites during an attempt to relocate toMount Kedros. Commander Giannis Podias was killed and decapitated, the few surviving members of the unit managed to join the rest of DSE inLefka Ori.^[30]

The Lefka Ori region in the west offered more favorable conditions for DSE's insurgency. In the summer of 1947 DSE raided theMaleme Airport, looting its warehouses and abducting 100 aircraftmen of the RoyalHellenic Air Force, 12 of whom joined the rebels. On 4 July 1947, DSE struck a former German motor depot at Chrysopigi on the outskirts of Chania. DSE abducted the depot's guards, looted the warehouse and set it aflame; resulting in a big explosion that led to the mobilization of government troops across the island. Following the destruction of the DSE units in the east, Cretan DSE numbered around 300 fighters. Crop failure during 1947 had created food shortages in Crete which were much more severe among the rebels who lacked access to the cities. The communists resorted tocattle rustling and confiscated 70,000okades of potatoes from the village ofLakkoi. This solved supply shortages only temporarily and the communists struggled to enforce discipline on their recruits or dislodge the mountain bandits residing in the areas under their nominal control. In the autumn of 1947, the Greek government offered generous amnesty terms to Cretan DSE fighters and mountain bandits, many of whom opted to abandon armed struggle or even defect to the nationalists. On 4 July 1948, government troops launched a large scale offensive onSamariá Gorge. Many DSE soldiers were killed in the fighting while the survivors broke into small armed bands. In October 1948, the secretary of the Cretan KKE Giorgos Tsitilos was killed in an ambush. By the following month only 34 DSE fighters remained active in Lefka Ori. The insurgency in Crete gradually withered away, with the last two hold outs surrendering in 1974, 25 years after the conclusion of the war in mainland Greece.^[31]

An important school oficon painting, under the umbrella of post-Byzantine art with Latin influences, which flourished whileCrete was underVenetian rule during the lateMiddle Ages, reaching its climax after theFall of Constantinople, becoming the central force in Greek painting during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

Due to the economic and intellectual growth observed in Crete during the Venetian era, Cretan literature was rich in quantity and quality and important for the subsequent course of Modern Greek literature. The peaceful living and contact with a developed intellectual and cultural people were the factors that contributed to the cultivation of education and literature and the emergence of remarkable literary production.

As a result of plagues of theBlack Death, many Cretans migrated overseas during difficult periods on the island, some acquiring great fortune abroad, such asConstantine Corniaktos^[32] (c. 1517–1603) who became one of the richest people in Eastern Europe.^[33]

• Cretan Revolt
• History of Greece
  • Neolithic Greece
• List of rulers of Crete

• Margaritis, Giorgos (2006).Ιστορία του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Civil War 1946-1949] (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Vivliorama.ISBN 9608087139.
• Moorey, Chris.A History of Crete (Haus, 2019)excerpt
• Detorakis, Theocharis E. (1986).Ιστορία της Κρήτης [History of Crete] (in Greek). Athens.OCLC 715204595.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• McTiernan, Mick,A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897 – 1898, King's College, London, September 2014.
• Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (1987). "Εισαγωγικό Σημείωμα ("Introduction")". In Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (ed.).Crete, History and Civilization (in Greek). Vol. I. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities. pp. XI–XX.
• Marie-Louise Winbladh, Minoans and Mycenaeans in west Crete. The Greek-Swedish Excavations at Chaniá, Stockholm 2000.
• Marie-Louise Winbladh, Adventures of an archaeologist. Memoirs of a museum curator, AKAKIA Publications, London 2020

• Hopkins, AdamCrete : its past, present and people Faber 1977ISBN 0-571-10411-8
• McKee, SallyUncommon Dominion : Venetian Crete and the Myth of Ethnic Purity University of Pennsylvania Press 2000ISBN 0-8122-3562-2
• On Crete, New Evidence of Very Ancient Mariners by John Wilford,The New York Times, February 15, 2010