Hiroo Onoda (Japanese:小野田寛郎,Hepburn:Onoda Hiroo, 19 March 1922 – 16 January 2014) was a Japanese soldier who served as asecond lieutenant in theImperial Japanese Army duringWorld War II. One of the lastJapanese holdouts, Onoda continued fighting for nearly 29 years after thewar's end in 1945, carrying outguerrilla warfare onLubang Island in thePhilippines until 1974.

Hiroo Onoda
Onoda,c. 1944
Native name	小野田 寛郎
Born	(1922-03-19)19 March 1922 Kamekawa, Wakayama,Empire of Japan
Died	16 January 2014(2014-01-16) (aged 91) Tokyo, Japan
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Service/ branch	Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service	1942–1945 (continued service until 1974)
Rank	Second Lieutenant
Battles / wars	World War II Philippines campaign

Onoda initially held out with three other soldiers: one surrendered in 1950, and two were killed, one in 1954 and one in 1972. The men did not believe flyers and letters from their families stating that the war was over. They survived on wild fruits, game, and stolen rice, and occasionally engaged in shootouts with locals and the police. Onoda was contacted in the jungles of Lubang by a Japanese explorer in 1974, but still refused to surrender until he was formally relieved of duty by his former commanding officer, Major Yoshimi Taniguchi, who flew from Japan to the island to issue the order.

Onoda surrendered on 10 March 1974, and received a hero's welcome when he returned to Japan. That year he wrote and published a best-selling autobiography, and later moved to Brazil, where he became a cattle rancher. In 1984, Onoda returned to Japan, where he died in 2014 at the age of 91.

Onoda was born on 19 March 1922, inKamekawa,Wakayama, in theEmpire of Japan. In 1939, he left to work at a branch of the Tajima Yoko trading company inWuhan, China,^[1][2] and in 1942 was conscripted into theImperial Japanese Army.^[1] Onoda trained as anintelligence officer at theFutamata branch of the army'sNakano School, where he was instructed inguerrilla warfare.^[3]

On 26 December 1944, Onoda was sent to lead guerrilla warfare operations onLubang Island in theJapanese-occupied Philippines.^[4] His mission was to destroy the island's airstrip and the pier at its harbor ahead of the Allied invasion, as well as to destroy any enemy planes or boats that attempted to land. His orders explicitly stated that under no circumstances was he to surrender or take his own life.^[3] When Onoda arrived on Lubang, he encountered officers who outranked him and prevented him from carrying out his mission, which aided United States andPhilippine Commonwealth forces in capturing the island when they landed on 28 February 1945. After a short period, all butSecond Lieutenant Onoda and three other soldiers (Private Yuichi Akatsu,Corporal Shōichi Shimada, andPrivate First Class Kinshichi Kozuka) had died or surrendered. Onoda led the three men into the island's mountains.^[5]

While in hiding, Onoda and his companions continued their mission, carrying out guerrilla activities, surviving on bananas, coconuts, and stolen rice and cattle, and on several occasions engaging in shootouts with locals and the police.^[6] They successfully evaded American and Filipino search parties, and attacked villagers whom they believed to be enemy guerrillas, allegedly killing up to 30 civilians on the island during their time in hiding.^[7]

The first time Onoda's group saw aleaflet announcing thatJapan had surrendered was in October 1945; a separate group of Japanese holdouts showed them a note left behind by islanders that read: "The war ended on 15 August. Come down from the mountains!"^[8] The men concluded that the leaflet was Allied propaganda, and reasoned that they would not have been fired on before if the war had ended. Near the end of 1945, leaflets with a surrender order from GeneralTomoyuki Yamashita of theJapanese Fourteenth Area Army were dropped by air on Lubang. Onoda's group studied them to determine whether they were genuine, and decided they were not.^[9]

Akatsu separated from the group in September 1949, and after six months on his own surrendered to Philippine forces in March 1950. The others considered this a desertion and a betrayal, and became even more cautious. In February 1952, letters from the three soldiers' families urging their surrender, along with family photographs, were dropped by air, but the group concluded that it was a trick. Shimada was wounded in the leg in a shootout with local fishermen in June 1953, after which Onoda nursed him back to health. On 7 May 1954, Shimada was killed in a shootout with aPhilippine Army mountain unit who accidentally encountered the soldiers while training on the island. On 19 October 1972, Kozuka was killed in a shootout with local police while conducting a recurring raid in which he and Onoda burned piles of rice harvested by the villagers, which they intended as a signal to fellow Japanese forces that their group was still alive and carrying out its duties on Lubang. Onoda was alone from this point.^[10]

On 20 February 1974, Onoda encounteredNorio Suzuki, a Japanese adventurer who was traveling around the world and had told friends he was looking for "Lieutenant Onoda, apanda, and theabominable snowman, in that order".^[2] Suzuki located Onoda after four days of searching on Lubang. Onoda later described their meeting in an interview: "This hippie boy, Suzuki, came to the island to listen to the feelings of a Japanese soldier".^[9] He and Suzuki became friends, but Onoda still refused to surrender, telling Suzuki that he was waiting for orders from his commanding officer. He namedMajor Yoshimi Taniguchi (commander of the Special Intelligence Squadron of the Fourteenth Area Army who had given Onoda his final instructions) as such, although in truth Onoda's immediate superior wasLieutenant GeneralShizuo Yokoyama, the commander of theEighth Division who had issued his orders.^[10]

Suzuki returned to Japan with photographs of Onoda as proof of their encounter, after which the government located Taniguchi, who had become a bookseller following the war. Taniguchi flew to Lubang with Suzuki, and on 9 March met with Onoda in the jungle and issued him the following orders:

1. In accordance with the Imperial Command, the Fourteenth Area Army has ceased all combat activity.
2. In accordance with Military Headquarters Command No. A–2003, the Special Squadron in the Chief of Staff's Headquarters is relieved of all military duties.
3. Units and individuals under the command of the Special Squadron are to cease military activities and operations immediately and place themselves under the command of the nearest superior officer. When no officer can be found, they are to communicate with the American or Philippine forces and follow their directives.^[11]

Onoda was thus relieved of duty, and on 10 March 1974 surrendered to Philippine forces at Lubang's radar base. On 11 March, a formal surrender ceremony was held by Philippine PresidentFerdinand Marcos atMalacañang Palace inManila, in an international media sensation. Marcos granted Onoda a full pardon for any crimes he had committed while in hiding.^[12] Onoda turned over his sword, a functioningArisakaType 99 rifle, 500 rounds of ammunition and several hand grenades, as well as a dagger his mother had given him in 1944 to kill himself with if captured.^[13] Onoda had held out for 28 years, 6 months, and 8 days (10,416 days) after Japan's surrender in 1945. Only PrivateTeruo Nakamura, arrested on 18 December 1974 inIndonesia, held out longer.^{[citation needed]}

Onoda, who had beendeclared dead by the Japanese government in 1959, received a hero's welcome upon his return to Japan in 1974. The Japanese government offered him a large sum of money in back pay, which he refused. When money was pressed on him by well-wishers, he donated it toYasukuni Shrine.^{[citation needed]}

Onoda was reportedly unhappy at receiving such attention and at what he saw as the withering of traditional Japanese values. He wroteNo Surrender: My Thirty-Year War, a best-selling autobiography published in 1974. In April 1975, he followed the example of his elder brother Tadao and left Japan forBrazil, where he became acattle farmer. He married in 1976 and assumed a leading role in theColônia Jamic ("Jamic Colony"), aJapanese Brazilian community inTerenos,Mato Grosso do Sul. After reading about a case in which a Japanese teenager murdered his parents in 1980, Onoda returned to Japan in 1984 and established theOnoda Shizen Juku ("Onoda Nature School"), an educational camp for young people inFukushima Prefecture.^[14]

After the war, Filipino media interviewed villagers who had lived on Lubang during Onoda's time in hiding and alleged that he and his men had killed up to 30 civilians. Onoda did not mention these deaths in his autobiography.^[15][16] In 1996, he visited the town ofLooc on Lubang after his wife Machie (née Honoku) arranged aUS$10,000 scholarship donation on his behalf to the local school. The town council presented Onoda with a resolution asking him to compensate the families of seven people whom he had allegedly killed, and about 50 relatives of the alleged victims staged a protest against his visit.^[17]

After 1984, Onoda spent three months of the year in Brazil and the rest in Japan. For allowing theBrazilian Air Force to conduct training sessions on his land,^[18] he was awarded theSantos-Dumont Merit Medal on 6 December 2004.^[19] On 21 February 2010, the Legislative Assembly ofMato Grosso do Sul awarded him the title ofCidadão ("Great Citizen").^[20] In 2006, his wife Machie became head of the conservative Japan Women's Association (JWA), which had been established in 2001 by the ultranationalist organizationNippon Kaigi.^[21]

On 16 January 2014, Onoda died of heart failure resulting frompneumonia atSt. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo.^[22][23] Chief Cabinet SecretaryYoshihide Suga commented on his death, saying "I vividly remember that I was reassured of the end of the war when Mr Onoda returned to Japan".^[22]

• Onoda, Hiroo (1974).わがルバン島の30年戦争 [Waga Ruban-tō no 30-nen sensō] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kodansha.OCLC 976947108.
• Onoda, Hiroo (1974).No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War. Translated by Terry, Charles S. New York: Kodansha International.ISBN 978-0-87011-240-9.

• Hiroo Onoda describes his private thirty years of war against the United States. Broadcast onThe Mike Douglas Show, February 14, 1975.OCLC 27191000

• Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle – 2021 French film co-written and directed byArthur Harari based on historic accounts of Onoda's life
• The Twilight World – 2021 novel by German directorWerner Herzog based on Onoda's life

• List of solved missing person cases: pre-2000
• Shoichi Yokoi – another Japanese holdout, discovered on Guam in 1972

• Herzog, Werner (2021).Das Dämmern der Welt (The Twilight World). Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co.ISBN 9783446270763.
• Robert D. McFadden,"Hiroo Onoda, Soldier Who Hid in Jungle for Decades, Dies at 91,"New York Times, 17 January 2014.

• Thirty Years in the Jungle! Could you do it? (biography), Primitive Ways (also withShoichi Yokoi).
• Bellows, Alan,The Soldier Who Wouldn't Quit, Damn Interesting.
• Onoda Shizen Juku(in Japanese)
• Article and 5:57 minute video of a 2010 news broadcast showing interview with 88-year-old Onoda, his wife, color footage of when he left the jungle in 1974, etc.abc.net.au
• Taylor, Alan.Image No. 45 (last at bottom): Photo of Onoda wearing his sword, on his last day before being relieved, with narrative caption, World War II: After the War, A Retrospective in 20 Parts.The Atlantic, 30 October 2011.
• "The War is Over... Please Come Out: Japanese Soldier Surrenders 29 Years After the End of World War II",History: 1900s, About, archived fromthe original on 18 May 2008, retrieved27 March 2004.
• Hiroo Onoda obituaryThe Daily Telegraph.
• Hiroo Onoda fought WWII For 30 Additional Years (video)
• Hiroo Onoda (middle): The Imperial Japanese soldier who hid in the Philippine jungle for 30 years after WWII. March 11, 1974 (photo), Imgur.