Notes

1. ^^abcdefghThe syllable-final (and also word-final) voiceless obstruents[p,t,k,f,s,χ] are voiced to[b,d,ɡ,v,z,ɣ] (note that[χ] is velar when voiced) when the next syllable (including the next word) begins with a voiced stop and, in case of the fricatives[f,s,χ], also when the next word begins with a vowel (Tiersma (1999:24)).
2. ^^ab[ɡ] and[ɣ] are allophones of a single phoneme/ɣ/. The plosive[ɡ] appears word-initially and syllable-initially (the latter only when stressed), whereas the fricative[ɣ] occurs elsewhere (Hoekstra (2001:86),Sipma (1913:15, 17)).
3. ^In most dialects,/h/ is deleted before[j] and[w] (Tiersma (1999:22)).
4. ^^abcdeThe syllabic nasals[m̩,n̩,ŋ̍] are all phonemically/ən/, whereas the syllabic[l̩,r̩] are phonemically/əl,ər/. To read about their exact distribution, see e.g.Sipma (1913:36). The only sonorants that cannot be syllabic are[ʋ,j].
5. ^^abApart from being the phonetic realization of the phonemes/m,ŋ/,[m,ŋ] occur as allophones of/n/ before bilabial and velar consonants (Tiersma (1999:24)).
6. ^^abcWord-final/b,d/ are realized as voiceless[p,t] (van der Veen (2001:104)). Note, however, that final/b/ is rare (Tiersma (1999:21)), and that in loanwords from Standard Dutch, final/ɣ/ can also appear, and is also devoiced and retracted to[χ].
7. ^/r/ is silent before other alveolar consonants, i.e./n,t,d,s,z,l/ (Tiersma (1999:28–29),Keil (2003:8)). An exception to this rule are recent loanwords from Standard Dutch (e.g.sport), which may or may not be pronounced with[r] (Tiersma (1999:29)).
8. ^Intervocalic⟨d⟩, as well as the sequence⟨rd⟩ are often rhotacized to/r/ (Tiersma (1999:21)).
9. ^In various pronouns and function words, the initial/d/ becomes voiceless[t] when a voiceless obstruent ends the preceding word (Tiersma (1999:24)).
10. ^^abBoth[ʋ] and[v] can be regarded as allophones of a single phoneme/v/, though[v] is the most common realization. The approximant[ʋ] can appear word-initially, whereas the fricative[v] occurs elsewhere (Keil (2003:7)).
11. ^^abAmong fricatives, neither the voiced/z/ nor the voiceless/χ/ can occur word-initially (Sipma (1913:16–17)).
12. ^When a sequence of any vowel and/n/ occurs before any continuant besides/h/ (that is,/f,v,ʋ,s,z,r,l,j/), it is realized as a nasalized vowel. When the following consonant is/s/, such a nasalized vowel is also lengthened (but only in stressed syllables (Hoekstra (2001:86))), so that e.g.jûns (phonemically/juns/) is pronounced[jũːs], whereasprins (phonemically/prɪns/) is pronounced[prẽːs]. One exception to this lengthening rule is that when a short vowel precedes the sequence/nst/ in the second person singular verb form (as inwinsʋ[vɪ̃st]), it is kept short by most speakers (Tiersma (1999:13)).
13. ^^abcEven though they pattern with monophthongs, the long close-mid vowels/eː,øː,oː/ are often realized as narrow closing diphthongs[ei,øy,ou] ((Visser (1997:22–23),Tiersma (1999:10–11))).
14. ^^abPhonetically,/ə/ and/ø/ are quite similar, but the former appears only in unstressed syllables (Tiersma (1999:11)).
15. ^^abcdSome speakers merge the long vowels/iː,uː/ with the centering diphthongs/iə,uə/ (Visser (1997:24)).
16. ^Nearly all words with/øː/ are loanwords from Standard Dutch (Visser (1997:17)).
17. ^^abcdefghijThe falling diphthongs[iə,ɪə,oə,uə] alternate with the rising diphthongs[jɪ,jɛ,wa,wo] in the phenomenon calledbreaking. An additional[yə−jø] alternation occurs in the word pairsluere−slurkje (Booij (1989:319)).

Bibliography

• Booij, Geert (1989). "On the representation of diphthongs in Frisian".Journal of Linguistics.25 (2):319–332.doi:10.1017/S0022226700014122.hdl:1887/11157.JSTOR 4176008.S2CID 56105447.
• Hoekstra, Jarich (2001). "12. Standard West Frisian". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.).Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 83–98.ISBN 3-484-73048-X. Retrieved30 March 2017.
• Keil, Benjamin (2003)."Frisian phonology"(PDF). Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics.Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved30 March 2017.
• Sipma, Pieter (1913).Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved30 March 2017.
• Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications].Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.). Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy.ISBN 90-6171-886-4.
• van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001). "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.).Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 98–116.ISBN 3-484-73048-X. Retrieved30 March 2017.
• Visser, Willem (1997).The Syllable in Frisian(PDF) (PhD). Leiden: Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics.ISBN 90-5569-030-9.Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved30 March 2017.

See also