 | This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Punjabi
This page containsIndic text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
This page contains the Shahmukhi characterlam with tah above. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols.
The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsPunjabi, specificallyStandard Punjabi, pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
SeePunjabi phonology,Gurmukhi, andShahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.
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Notes
edit- ^abcdefPunjabi contrast dental[t] and[d] with apical postalveolar[ʈ] and[ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like/t/ and/d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English/θ/ and/ð/ for some speakers withth-stopping.
- ^/ɾ/ can surface as a trill[r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate/ɾː/ is always a trill (/rː/).
- ^[w] occurs as an allophone of[ʋ] when /वو/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while[ʋ], which may phonetically be[v], occurs otherwise.
- ^Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016).Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 390.ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5.
Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words withk instead ofq.
- ^abcdefLong vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
- ^ab/iː/ and/uː/ are neutralised to [i,u] at the end of a word.
- ^InGurmukhi,ih anduh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.
- ^In some dialects, word-initial andintervocalic /j/ is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ (only in native words), equivalent toDevanagariॺ.
- ^abcdeIn some dialects, the voiceless aspirates /pʰ/, /t͡ʃʰ/ and /kʰ/ shift into fricatives /f/, /ɕ/ and /x/ respectively.
- ^abOften considered an allophone ofl andn in theShahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
- ^ab/ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill [rː].
- ^In some dialects, /ʋ/ can shift to /b/ (only in native words). This is more common word-initially.
- ^abcdefgNot considered a native sound (nor a native letter inGurmukhi, hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with theNuqta - unlikeShahmukhi, for which the original letters fromPersian (derived from theArabic script) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech.[4]In rural dialects, /ɣ/ is sometimes substituted with /ɡ/; /f/ with /pʰ/; /q/ with /k/; /ʃ/ with /s/; /x/ with /kʰ/; and /z,ʒ/ with /d͡ʒ/.In some cases, words may shift to develop these non-native phonemes, e.g.phir > ਫ਼ੇਰ /فیرfer,supnā > ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ /سُفناsufnā,rākśas > ਰਾਖ਼ਸ਼ /راخشrāk͟haś.
- ^/ʃ/ is considered a native sound inLahnda dialects and WesternMajhi, used in words likeśī̃h which otherwise would becomesī̃h.
- ^The sound /ʒ/ in Punjabi is very rare so most speakers do not pronounce it correctly (especially inIndia asGurmukhi lacks a standard symbol to represent it) and opt to replace it with /d͡ʒ/, /z/ or even /s/.