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Help:IPA/Old English

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Old English on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Old English in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Old English

The tables below show how theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsOld English pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, was an early form of English in medieval England. It is different fromEarly Modern English, the language of Shakespeare and the King James Bible, and fromMiddle English, the language of Geoffrey Chaucer.

SeeOld English phonology for more detail on the sounds of Old English.

Key

[edit]
Consonants[1]
IPAExamplesModern English approximation
bbysiġ, lamb, habbanbusy
çniht, tǣhte[2]hue
ddōn, fæder, land, biddando
dʒsenġan, eċġ[3]jam
ðōþer, eorþe[4]other
ffæder, ƿīf, offrian[4]father
ɡgōd,gnætt, ġeong[3]good
hhēah,hǣlþ[2]heaven
jġeong, næġl, ƿeġ,ġēa, bysiġ[3]year
kcyning,cnǣƿ, tusc, hnecca, axian[3][5]king
llufu, hǣlþ, næġlleaf
ɫfeallan, eald,ƿlite[6]peal
l̥hlāf,hlehhan[7]whisperedleaf
mmōdor,magan, lambmother
nnēah, cnēo, gnætt, land, habban, sunnenear
n̥hnutu,hnecca[7]whisperednear
ŋġeong, drincanyoung
ppæþpath
rrǣdan, mōdor[8]read
rˠeorþe, steorra,ƿrang[6][8]ruff
r̥hring[7][8]whisperedread
ssunne, missan, axian[4][5]sun
ʃsċeadu, fisċ[3]shadow
ttīd, hƿæt, settanstand
tʃċēace, ƿiċċe[3]cheese
vofer, lufu[4]over
ɣmagan, lagu, dagumSpanish fuego
w[9]ƿīf, cƿic, cnǣƿwife
ʍhƿā,hƿæt[7]what (some speakers)
xhēah, þurh, hlehhan[2]loch (Scottish English)
zbysiġ[4]busy
θþæt, pæþ, hǣlþ, siþþan[4]through
Vowels[10]
IPAExamplesModern English approximation
ɑaxian, sċeadu, hnecca[11]cot (American English)
ɑːān, hlāf, hƿāfather
ææfter, fædercat
æːǣniġ, hǣlþdad
eeċġ, fæderSpanish te
eːēþelsimilar to made
iilca, cƿic, hāliġfeet
iːīsiġ, tīdneed
oofer, sċeolde, heofon[11]short
oːōþer, mōdordoor
øeorþe[12]hurt
øːġemœ̄tan[12]blur
uunder, ġeong, lufu[11]pull
uːūtpool
ysċyld,yfelyouth (some dialects[13]);French tu
yːfȳryou (some dialects[13]);German Dürer
Diphthongs
æɑealdmouth (Cockney)
æːɑēage, nēahnow (Cockney)
eoeorþe, heofonbed + rod
eːoēoƿu, dēorsnail (MLE)
iysiex[14]feet +French tu
iːynīehst[14]need +French tu
Suprasegmentals
IPAExamplesExplanation
ˈeorþe[ˈeorˠðe]stress mark (placed right before the stressed syllable)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Old English hadgeminate (double) consonants, which were pronounced longer than single consonants. Double consonants were written with double consonant letters. The double consonants inhabban,missan can be transcribed in IPA with the length symbol ⟨ː⟩ or by doubling the consonant symbol:[ˈhɑbːɑn],[ˈmisːɑn] or[ˈhɑbbɑn],[ˈmissɑn]. The doubledaffricate inƿiċċe should be transcribed as[ˈwittʃe] or[ˈwitːʃe], with the stop portion of the affricate doubled.
  2. ^abcThe phoneme/h/ had three allophones that diverged in the later language: it was pronounced[h] word-initially,[ç] when it was single and after afront vowel, and[x] otherwise.
  3. ^abcdef⟨ċ ċġ sċ⟩, with adot above, representpostalveolar[tʃdʒʃ] in modern editions;⟨ġ⟩ usually represents thepalatal approximant[j] but represents[dʒ] after⟨n⟩. The use of a dot to distinguish palatal from velar consonants is a modern convention: in original Old English old manuscripts[tʃjdʒʃ] were written as⟨c g g/cg sc⟩ and so were not distinguished from thevelars[kɣɡ] and the cluster[sk].[tʃdʒʃ] developed from[kɡsk] bypalatalization inAnglo-Frisian, but[j] developed partly from Proto-Germanic*j and partly from the palatalization of[ɣ].
  4. ^abcdef⟨s f ð/þ⟩ represented voicelessfricatives[sfθ] at the beginning and the end of a word or when doubled in the middle but represented voiced fricatives[zvð] when single, between voiced sounds.
  5. ^ab⟨x⟩ represented the cluster/ks/, as Modern English still does.
  6. ^ab/r/ and/l/ probably hadvelarised allophones[rˠ] and[ɫ] before a consonant (except at the boundary in a compound word) and in some words in which they were geminated.
  7. ^abcdThesonorants/rlnw/ had voiceless versions[l̥r̥n̥ʍ], which developed from the earlier consonant clusters/xlxrxnxw/.
  8. ^abcThe exact nature of the rhotic/r/ is unknown. It may have been a trill[r], a tap[ɾ] or, as in most dialects of Modern English, an approximant[ɹ] or[ɻ].
  9. ^The letter⟨w⟩ did not exist in theEarly Middle Ages, when Old English was spoken. Scribes used the borrowed Runic letterwynn,⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩.
  10. ^Old English had a distinction between long and short vowels in stressed syllables. Long monophthongs are marked by placing the length symbol ⟨ː⟩ after the vowel symbol, and long diphthongs are marked by placing the length symbol after the first vowel symbol. In unstressed syllables, only three vowels/ɑ,e,u/ were distinguished, but/e,u/ were pronounced[i,o] in certain words.
  11. ^abcSometimes after the palatalized consonants⟨ċ ġ sċ⟩,⟨eo⟩ represented/u/ or/o/ and⟨ea⟩ represented/ɑ/.
  12. ^ab⟨eo o ue⟩ was pronounced/øøː/ inAnglian dialects but merged with/eeː/ in all others. In addition,⟨u⟩ was sometimes pronounced/ø/ and⟨u w we⟩ was sometimes pronounced/øː/.
  13. ^abThese dialects includeReceived Pronunciation and most forms ofEnglish English (with some exceptions such asYorkshire English),Australian English,New Zealand English,Scottish English,Ulster English,Southern American English,Philadelphia-Baltimore English,Western Pennsylvania English andCalifornia English. Other dialects of English, such asGeneral American and most other forms ofAmerican English,Welsh English andRepublic of Ireland English, have no close equivalent vowel.
  14. ^abThe diphthongs⟨ie īe⟩ occurred inWest Saxon and may have been pronounced/ieiːe/ or/iyiːy/.

Bibliography

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See also

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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