Hellenic is the branch of theIndo-European language family whose principal member isGreek.[2] In most classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone,[3][4] but some linguists useHellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages, either among ancient neighboring languages[5] or among modern varieties of Greek.[6]
In addition, some linguists useHellenic to refer tomodern Greek in a narrow sense together with certain other, divergent modern varieties deemed separate languages on the basis of a lack ofmutual intelligibility.[28] Separate language status is most often posited forTsakonian,[28] which is thought to be uniquely a descendant ofDoric rather thanAttic Greek, followed byPontic andCappadocian Greek of Anatolia.[29] TheGriko or Italiot varieties of southern Italy are also not readily intelligible to speakers of standard Greek.[30] Separate status is sometimes also argued forCypriot, though this is not as easily justified.[31] In contrast,Yevanic (Jewish Greek) is mutually intelligible with standard Greek but is sometimes considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons.[31] Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language.[3][32][33]
^Suggested by Georgiev (1966),[21] Joseph (2001)[5] and Hamp (2013).[22]
Footnotes
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.)."Graeco-Phrygian".Glottolog. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^In other contexts,Hellenic andGreek are generally synonyms.
^abBrowning (1983),Medieval and Modern Greek, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987):Modern Greek. London: Routledge, p. 1.
^abcJoseph, Brian D. (2001)."Ancient Greek". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl;Bodomo, Adams B.; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.).Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present.H. W. Wilson Company. p. 256.ISBN9780824209704. Archived fromthe original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved2022-06-06.
^David Dalby.The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). pp. 449–450.
^Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011).A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94.ISBN978-1-4443-5163-7.Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later onkoine Greek.
^Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts,A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
^abCrespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329.ISBN978-3-11-053081-0.
^Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia".The Greek World, 479–323 BC (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90.ISBN0-415-16326-9.
^Michael Meier-Brügger,Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
^Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
^Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.).Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145.ISBN978-960-7779-52-6.
^W. B. Lockwood, "A Panorama of Indo-European Languages", (1972), Hutchinson University Library London, Hellenic, Macedonian, p. 6: "It is generally held that the evidence suggests rather an aberrant form of Greek than an independent language."
^Giannakis, Georgios (2017). "From Central Greece to the Black Sea: Introductory Remarks". In Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects. Emilio Crespo, Panagiotis Filos. De Gruyter. p. 18.doi:10.1515/9783110532135.ISBN978-3-11-053213-5.Recent scholarship has established the position of (ancient) Macedonian within the dialect map of North-West Greek (see, among others, Méndez Dosuna 2012, 2014, 2015; Crespo 2012, 2015). Here belongs the study by M. Hatzopoulos, who offers a critical review of recent research on the Macedonian dialect, arguing that all available evidence points to the conclusion that this is a Greek dialect of the North-West group.
^abSalminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 211–284.
^N. Nicholas (1999),The Story of Pu: The Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. (PDF)
^abJoseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.).Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 836.
^G. Horrocks (1997),Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers. London: Longman.
^P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill,Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
^Brixhe, Claude (2008). "Phrygian". In Woodard, Roger D (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–80.ISBN978-0-521-68496-5. "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek." (p. 72).
^Woodhouse 2009, p. 171: "A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWoodhouse2009 (help)
^Obrador-Cursach 2018, p. 101: "Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018 (help)
^James Clackson.Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
^Benjamin W. Fortson.Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
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