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French colonial architecture

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French colonial architecture includes severalstyles ofarchitecture used by the French duringcolonization. French colonial architecture has a long history, beginning inNorth America in 1604 and being most active in the Western Hemisphere (Caribbean,Guiana,Canada,Louisiana) until the 19th century, when the French turned their attention more to Africa, Asia, and Oceania.[1]

ThePresidential Palace of Vietnam, in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to host the French Governor-General ofIndochina.

Many formerFrench colonies,especially those inSoutheast Asia, have previously been reluctant to promote theircolonial architecture as an asset fortourism; however, in recent times,[when?] the new generation[which?] of local authorities has somewhat "embraced" the architecture and has begun to advertise it.[2]

In Africa

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French Equatorial Africa

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In the formerFrench Equatorial Africa,Brazzaville, the capital ofCongo, andDouala, the largest city ofCameroon have many French colonial buildings.

  • The headquarters for the French Commissioner General in Brazzaville (circa 1896–1910)
  • The Chambre of Commerce in Douala, Cameroon
  • The Palace of Justice in Douala
  • The former residence of the French regional governor in Douala

French North Africa

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19th and early 20th-century French colonial architecture is typical of the European districts in formerFrench North African countries including mostAlgerian andTunisian cities, as well asCasablanca,Morocco. In the mid-20th-century,Algiers became an important center forModernist architecture.

  • Notre-Dame d'Afrique basilica, Algiers, Algeria
  • Apartment building in Casablanca, Morocco
  • Apartment building in Algiers, Algeria
  • Apartment building on Rue Didouche-Mourad, Algiers, Algeria (formerly Rue Michelet)
  • Rue d'Isly in Algiers (early 20th century)
  • Lycée Bugeaud in Algiers (early 20th century)

French West Africa

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French colonial architecture is found in many large and mid-sized formerFrench West African cities, with a particularly significant concentration in the former capital city,Saint-Louis, Senegal.

  • Rue Lebon in Saint Louis (circa 1900)
  • Colonial houses in Saint Louis

In Asia

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A bistro in centralHanoi withArt Nouveau and colonial designs

French colonisation of three countries in mainland Southeast Asia—Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, known asIndochina in the 19th and 20th centuries, left a lasting architectural legacy. Most French colonial buildings, now mostly transformed for public use, are located in large urban areas, namelyHanoi andHo Chi Minh City (Vietnam), andPhnom Penh (Cambodia).

There are also some colonial buildings were built in China due to French concessions and other interests in the country during 19th and 20th centuries.

Cambodia

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  • Phnom Penh Post Office
  • Phnom Penh Royal Railway Station
  • Raffles Hotel Le Royal
  • Phnom Penh UNESCO office
  • Railway station inBattambang
  • Building inKampot

China

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  • Banque de l'Indochine Building, Beijing
  • French Municipal Administration Council Building in Tianjin
  • Banque de l'Indochine Building, Tianjin
  • Banque de l'Indochine Building, Shanghai
  • Saint Joseph's church in Shanghai
  • An apartment at No.142 West Jianguo Road, Shanghai
  • Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel, Shamian Island, Guangzhou
  • Banque de l'Indochine Building in Shamian Island, Guangzhou
  • Former French Commissioner Residence in Zhanjiang
  • Former French Army Commandantura in Zhanjiang
  • Our Lady of Victory Cathedral in Zhanjiang

Laos

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Vietnam

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Various colonial buildings and constructions have become popular tourist destinations. Major landmarks that have become icons of cities including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City include:

In North America

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Canada

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French settlements in Canada date back to the mid-16th century until the French defeat inSeven Years' War where New France was annexed by the British Crown in 1763 as a result of theTreaty of Paris. The settlements in the regions were extensive, hence the abundant architectural legacy from that period shows itself particularlyinQuebec City but also in the city ofMontreal, which has a significantCanadien population. Most buildings constructed during the French colonial period utilized a heavy timber frame of logs installed vertically on a sill,poteaux-sur-sol, or into the earth,poteaux-en-terre. An infill of lime mortar or clay mixed with small stones (pierrotage) or a mixture of mud, moss, and animal hair (bousillage) was used to pack between the logs. Many times the infill would later be replaced withbrick. This method of construction was used in theIllinois Country as well as Louisiana. General characteristics of a French Colonial dwelling included a raisedbasement which would support the floor of the home's primary living quarters. Exterior stairs were another common element; the stairs would often climb up to a distinctive, full-lengthveranda or "gallery", on a home'sfaçade. The roof over the veranda was normally part of the overall roof. French Colonial roofs were either a steephipped roof, with adormer or dormers, or a side-gabled roof. The veranda or gallery was often accessed viaFrench doors. French Colonial homes in theAmerican South commonly hadstuccoed exterior walls.[4]

United States

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French Colonial was one of four domestic architectural styles that developed during the colonial period in what would become theUnited States. The other styles wereColonial Georgian,Dutch Colonial, andSpanish Colonial. French Colonial developed in the settlements of theIllinois Country andFrench Louisiana. It is believed to have been primarily influenced by the building styles ofFrench Canada and theCaribbean.[5] It had its beginnings in 1699 with the establishment of French Louisiana but continued to be built afterSpain assumed control of the colonial territory in 1763. Styles of building that evolved during the French colonial period include theCreole cottage,Creole townhouse, andFrench Creoleplantation house.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire | McGill-Queen's University Press".www.mqup.ca.Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved2020-03-31.
  2. ^About Ho Chi Minh CityArchived 2017-12-13 at theWayback Machine.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn.
  3. ^"Top 10 Colonial Buildings in Phnom Penh".Going Colonial. 2018-09-12.Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved2019-11-15.
  4. ^Bigolin, Steve."The Landmarks of Barb City",Daily Chronicle, 28 February 2005. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  5. ^Gamble, RobertHistoric architecture in Alabama: a guide to styles and types, 1810-1930, page 180. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1990.ISBN 0-8173-1134-3.
  6. ^"French Creole Architecture".Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation. National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places.Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved2008-08-02.
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