TheFortunate Isles orIsles of the Blessed^[1][2] (Ancient Greek:μακάρων νῆσοι,makarōn nēsoi)^[3] were semi-legendary islands in theAtlantic Ocean, variously treated as a simple geographical location and as a winterless earthlyparadise inhabited by theheroes ofGreek mythology. In the time ofHesiod, the Fortunate Isles were associated with the concept ofElysium, a utopian location in theGreek underworld thought to be found in the Western ocean on the margin of the known world.^[4][5] The number of the islands would later be reduced to one by the poetPindar.^[5]

According to Greek mythology, the islands were reserved for those who had chosen to bereincarnated three times, and managed to be judged as especially pure enough to gain entrance to theElysian Fields all three times.^[6] TheTheban poet Pindar reduced the number of the islands to one, describing it as having shady parklands with residents indulging in athletic and musical pastimes, activities that were thought to be the ideal life for ancient Greek aristocracy.^[5]

Flavius Philostratus'Life of Apollonius of Tyana (v.2) says, "And they also say that the Islands of the Blessed are to be fixed by the limits ofLibya where they rise towards the uninhabited promontory." In this geography Libya was considered to extend westwards throughMauretania "as far as the mouth of the river Salex, some nine hundredstadia, and beyond that point a further distance which no one can compute, because when you have passed this river Libya is a desert which no longer supports a population."

Plutarch, who refers to the "fortunate isles" several times in his writings, locates them firmly in the Atlantic in hisvita ofSertorius. Sertorius, when struggling against a chaotic civil war in the closing years of theRoman Republic, had tidings from mariners of certain islands a few days' sail fromHispania:

...where the air was never extreme, which for rain had a little silver dew, which of itself and without labour, bore all pleasant fruits to their happy dwellers, till it seemed to him that these could be no other than the Fortunate Islands, the Elysian Fields.^[7]

It was from these men that Sertorius learned facts so beguiling that he considered retiring from Roman political life altogether to these islands, but conflicts to come prevented him from pursuing this rumour further.

The islands are said to be two in number separated by a very narrow strait and lie 10,000furlongs ( 2,000 kilometers / 1,250 miles ) from Africa. They are called the Isles of the Blessed. [...]Moreover an air that is salubrious, owing to the climate and the moderate changes in the seasons, prevails on the islands. The North and East winds which blow out from our part of the world plunge into fathomless space and, owing to the distance, dissipate themselves and lose their power before they reach the islands, while the South and West winds that envelop the islands sometimes bring in their train soft and intermittent showers, but for the most part cool them with moist breezes and gently nourish the soil. Therefore a firm belief has made its way, even to the barbarians, that here are theElysian Fields and the abode of the Blessed of whichHomer sang.

Pliny the Elder'sNatural History adds to the obligatory description—that they "abound in fruit and birds of every kind"—the unexpected detail that, "[t]hese islands, however, are greatly annoyed by the putrefying bodies of monsters, which are constantly thrown up by the sea".

The Isles are mentioned in Book II ofA True History by the Greek satiristLucian of Samosata. The author makes fun of the heroes residing there by giving an account of their petty squabbles as presented to the court of the magistrate,Rhadamanthus. He goes on to describe other observations of how the residents occupy their time, using every opportunity to satirise both contemporary life and Greek mythology.

Ptolemy used these islands as the reference for the measurement of geographicallongitude and they continued to play the role of defining theprime meridian through the Middle Ages.^[8]

• Immram, mythical Irish voyages in the Atlantic
• Thule
• Macaronesia
• The nymphs of the far west, theHesperides

• Hard, Robin (2004),The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004,ISBN 9780415186360.Google Books.