A horizontal bicolor of white and red with the blue square ended on the upper hoist-side corner of the white band bearing the white five-pointed star in its center.
Same design as the National Flag with theNational Coat of Arms superimposed at the center.
Designed by
Alfonso Martinez Delpelao
Original design
Design
Design of the flag used from 1818 to 1912 with the star tilted.
Theflag of Chile consists of two equal-height horizontal bands of white and red, with a blue square the same height as the white band in thecanton, which bears a whitefive-pointed star in its center. It was adopted on 18 October 1817. TheChilean flag is also known in Spanish asLa Estrella Solitaria[1] (The Lone Star).
It has a 3:2 ratio between length and width, it is divided horizontally into two bands of equal height (the lower being red). The upper area is divided once: into a square (blue), with a single centered white star; and into a rectangle (white), whose lengths are in proportion 1:2. It is in thestars and stripes flag family.
The star representsVenus, significant to the country's indigenousMapuches,[2] symbolizing a guide to progress and honor while other interpretations say it refers to an independent state; blue symbolizes the sky and the Pacific Ocean, white is for the snow-coveredAndes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence.[3]
According to the epic poemLa Araucana, the colors were derived from those from the flag flown by the Mapuche during theArauco War. "Flag Day" is held each year on the ninth of July to commemorate the 77 soldiers who died in the 1882Battle of La Concepción.
Flag possibly used by Mapuche troops during the early 18th centuryArauco War.
The first records on the possible use of flags by indigenous peoples date back to theWar of Arauco, the most famous being the use described in the late 16th-century epic poemLa Araucana. InCanto XXI,Alonso de Ercilla describedTalcahuano, warrior and chief of theMapuche who work the lands near the present-day city that bears his name, bearing emblems of blue, white and red.
Two flags have been documented as used by Mapuche troops. However, these descriptions were made late in the eighteenth century without certainty about the age of them. One consisted of a five-pointed white star on a blue background similar to the canton of the current Chilean flag, while the second had a white eight-pointed star centered on a blue diamond with border zigzagged over a black background. The latter flag appears to be waved by the chiefLautaro in the best-known artistic representation of it, created by painterPedro Subercaseaux.[4]
The main symbol of this flag is the star of Arauco, calledguñelve, representing theflower of the canelo and the bright star of Venus. In the independence of Chile,Bernardo O'Higgins said that guñelve was the direct inspiration for creating the Chilean flag with the Lone Star.[2][5]
In the case of the colonizing troops, they used severalSpanish flags. Each battalion had its own flag, which could incorporate different elements including theheraldiccoat of arms of the King of Spain. One of the symbols most commonly used was theCross of Burgundy, a jagged, redsaltire crossed on a white cloth. The Cross of Burgundy was one of the main symbols of the Spanish Empire overseas, so it flew over the warships and was carried by the militia in the colonial territory during theSpanish colonization of the Americas.[citation needed]
In 1785,Carlos III established a uniform flag for all ships of theSpanish Armada, similar to the current flag of Spain. The use of this red-and-yellow flag would be extended in 1793 to "maritime towns, castles and coastal defenses." Despite the establishment of this new flag, the cross of Burgundy would still often used by colonial entities.[citation needed]
Flag of thePatria Vieja (1812–1814). First Chilean national flag, used by merchant ships.
At the onset of theChilean War of Independence, theFirst Government Junta was proclaimed on 18 September 1810, marking Chile's first step toward independence. It would be during the government ofJose Miguel Carrera in which the desire for emancipation would gain more strength. Nevertheless, the junta was established (at least nominally) as a way of controlling the government during the absence ofKing Fernando VII, so that the symbols of government remained Hispanic. Therefore, one of the first acts of his government would be the implementation of national symbols, such as an insignia, acoat of arms and a distinctive flag to identify the patriots. The first flag, according to tradition, would have been embroidered by the sister of the ruler,Javiera Carrera, and would be presented and raised for the first time on 4 July 1812 at a dinner with the United StatesconsulJoel Roberts Poinsett to celebrate the anniversary of U.S. independence, an event having a great influence on the locals' struggle for independence.
Named the flag of thePatria Vieja ("Old Fatherland"), the flag had three horizontal stripes of blue, white and yellow. For some, the bands represent the three branches of government: majesty popular, law and force, respectively; to others, the stripes represent features of nature: the sky, the snowy Andes and fields of golden wheat, respectively. The following 30 September, during a celebration in the capital to commemorate the first government junta, the Chilean coat of arms, also calledPatria Vieja, was solemnly adopted and included in the center of the flag.
Although the blue-white-yellow flag of thePatria Vieja was the most recognized, other versions utilized a different arrangement of the colors, such as white-blue-yellow, for example. On other occasions, the redCross of Santiago was included in the upper left corner together with the coat of arms in the center. The cross originates from the victory of the patriot troops in theBattle of El Roble, where within the possessions of the capturedwar booty was a distinctive insignia of theOrder of St. James, an important symbol of Spanish pride.
In 1813 after the royalist invasion and the outbreak of the War of Independence, the Spanish symbols were abolished and the tricolor flag was formally adopted by the patriotic forces in a ceremony at thePlaza Mayor of Santiago. Months later in 1814, Carrera left political and military power, andFrancisco de la Lastra was chosen asSupreme director. The war of independence began at great losses for the patriot side, and so signed theTreaty of Lircay on 3 May 1814. This agreement reaffirmed the Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Chile, among other things, and as one of its direct consequences, the Spanish flag was readopted at the expense of the tricolor.
The flag of thePatria Vieja would wave again after Carrera's return to power 23 July 1814 until theBattle of Rancagua (1–2 October) where the royalist victory ended the patriot government and began theReconquista (orReconquest) from 1814 to 1817, restoring the imperial standard. The tricolor flag was last flown for the last time in theBattle of Los Papeles (Batalla de los Papeles), but it would appear again raised in the ships that José Miguel Carrera brought in 1817 and during his campaigns in Argentina (1820–1821). The Reconquista ended with the victory ofLiberation Army of the Andes (Ejército Liberatador de los Andes) in theBattle of Chacabuco on 12 February 1817. In this battle, the patriot troops fought with the army colonel and the flag of the Army of the Andes, inspired by theflag of Argentina, without readopting the blue-white-yellow standard.
Today, the flag of thePatria Vieja is used during memorial services for moose Chilean historical period, conducted by theNational Institute (Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera), which Carrera's government founded (10 August 1813). The emblem, adopted as a symbol at the beginning ofcarrerismo, was subsequently adopted by Chilean nationalism movement. For example, the flag with a red lightning bolt emblem superimposed was the insignia of theNational Socialist Movement of Chile between 1932 and 1938.
The victory at the Battle of Chacabuco on 26 May 1817 gave way to a new period known as thePatria Nueva (New Fatherland). A new flag was adopted that day, known today as the Flag of the Transition (Bandera de la Transición), and it is recognized as the first national flag and the last flag used until the one used currently. It was widely publicized at the time that the design was attributed toJuan Gregorio de Las Heras. This flag had three equal stripes: blue, white, and red, which is identical to theflag of pre-communistYugoslavia (theflag of Serbia and Montenegro later). The bottom red strip replaced the yellow from the flag of 1812. The origin of the flag's colors would be based on the description given byAlonso de Ercilla as those of the insignia of the Mapuche troops. The significances of these colors were equivalent to those of thePatria Vieja, except that the yellow replaced the red to represent the blood that had been shed during the many conflicts.
Despite initial enthusiasm, the flag did not obtain official legalization and disappeared five months later. One reason for its suppression was that it was easily confused with both theflag of the Netherlands and thetricolor of revolutionary France, from which it was inspired.
According to theGeneral History of Chile byDiego Barros Arana, the last time the Flag of the Transition was unfurled was at the ceremony to commemorate theBattle of Rancagua, two weeks before the adoption of the current national flag. However, there is information about a possible third flag between the Transitional and final, which would have exchanged the order of white and blue stripes and incorporated the five-pointed white star on the central strip, but that is no certainty, and it is not accepted by the majority of Chilean historians.
The flag was made official on 18 October 1817 by a decree,[6] of which only indirect references to the absence of a copy thereof, which was officially presented during thePledge of Independence ceremony on 12 February 1818, a ceremony in which thebearer was Tomás Guido.
The original flag was designed according to theGolden Ratio, which is reflected in the relation between the widths of the white and blue parts of the flag, as well as several elements in blue canton. The star does not appear upright in the center of the rectangular canton, instead the upper point appears slightly inclined toward the pole in such a way that the projection of its sides divide the length of the canton golden proportion. Additionally, in the center is printed the National Coat of Arms, known from the previous Flag of the Transition and adopted in 1817.[7][8]
The adoption of the star configuration goes back to the star used by the Mapuches. According to O'Higgins, the star of the flag was the Star of Arauco. In Mapuche iconography, the morning star or Venus, (Mapudungun:Wünelfe or theHispanicizedGuñelve) was represented through the figure of anoctagram star or a foliated cross. Although, the star which was finally adopted bore a star having five points with the design of theguñelve remaining reflected in an asterisk inserted in the center of the star, representing the combination of European and indigenous traditions.
Chilean flag used between 1818 and 1912.[9] Current Chilean flag.
These designs soon fell into oblivion due to the difficulty in the flag's construction. So, the embroidered seal and the eight-pointed asterisk disappeared while the star was kept completely upright. In 1854 the proportion was determined in keeping with the colors of the flag, leaving the canton as a square and the ratio of hoist to fly set to 2:3. Finally, in 1912, the diameter of the star was established, the precedence of the colors in the presidential flag and decorativecockade was determined, setting the order as blue, white and red from top to bottom or from left to right of the viewer.
Time of Flags by the artist Ricardo Meza, located on the wall of the stairway access to the second floor ofLa Moneda Palace.
Few records remain of the original design, the most valuable being that of the flag used in the Declaration of Independence, which had a width of two meters and a length just over two feet. The flag was protected by various hereditary institutions until it was stolen in 1980 by members of theRevolutionary Left Movement as a protest against themilitary dictatorship. This group kept the specimen and returned it in late 2003 to theNational Historical Museum, where it can be found today.
There is a rather popularlegend in Chile that claims this third Chilean flag won a "Most Beautiful National Flag in the World" contest. Its most common version states that this happened in 1907 inBlankenberge, Belgium, in the coast of theBaltic Sea [sic].[10] Other versions of this story say this happened in the 19th century, or that the Chilean flag was placed second after theFrench flag; there are even variations that talk about Chile'snational anthem, placing it either in the first place or second, afterLa Marseillaise. The fact that the only documented version of this story gets basic details wrong (Belgium has a coast on theNorth Sea, not the Baltic Sea) does not reflect well on its historical accuracy.
The flag of the U.S. state ofTexas is similar to the Chilean flag. Theflag of Texas was designed and adopted on 25 January 1839; whereas Chile adopted a flag similar to today's Chilean flag 22 years earlier on 18 October 1817. Nearly two decades before the then-national flag was approved by the Texas Congress and President Mirabeau B. Lamar. Texas' current flag is not a copied version of the Chilean flag, contrary to popular belief.[citation needed]
Like Texas, on 17 January 1840; a coalition of nobles from theMexican states ofCoahuila,Nuevo León, andTamaulipas advocated secession fromMexico to form their own federal republic called theRepublic of the Rio Grande withLaredo (today part of Texas) as the capital but unlike Texas, was never formally recognized and ended on 6 November of the same year. Its flag was similar to that of Texas' in that there were three stars with a red hoist, and black and white bars on the side instead of one star with a blue hoist and white and red bars.
In 1822, during thePeruvian War of Independence, troops from both theLiberating Expedition of Peru (Expedición Libertadora del Perú) and theUnited Liberating Army of Peru (Ejército Unido Libertador del Perú) used a standard that was identical to the modern flag of Chile, except their flag had three stars in the canton (mostly forming theTriangulum Australe constellation), representing the three nations united by the cause of independence: theArgentine provinces, Chile andPeru.
On the other hand, the Chilean flag would have served as inspiration for the supporters ofCuban independence at the start theTen Years' War in the so-called WarCry of Yara (Spanish:Grito de Yara) in 1868. The leader of this revolution,Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, would have been inspired to create the firstCuban flag namedLa Demajagua in honor of the place where the revolt began. Two main differences are that the red and blue colors are inverted and that the red canton extends to the middle of the fly instead of one-third as on the Chilean flag.
Céspedes would have been inspired by the Chilean flag as a way of honoring the efforts ofBenjamín Vicuña Mackenna on behalf of Chile to achieve independence of Cuba after the Spanish defeat in theChincha Islands War.[11] According to Céspedes' son, his father "imagined a new flag that bore the same colors as that of the Carreras and O'Higgins and that would differentiate itself from the disposition of those colors."[12] However, the flag would not have much success, and an earlier design would become the definitive Cuban flag.
Theflag of Liberia, founded in 1847, also includes a single star on the canton, but it has multiple horizontal stripes similar to the United States Flag.
Also, theFlag of Malacca, a state inMalaysia, is similar, having the same colors (except the yellow star and moon) and a similar canton design, although the proportions and color order are different.
The state ofAmazonas in Brazil also adopted a similar flag in 1982. Its flag also has an elongated blue canton with multiple stars.
TheCatamarca province in Argentina adopted a flag in 2011 that has nearly the same color design, but the blue is paler, and with a yellow border and a sun with two olive branches in the center.
The construction of the flag of Chile, at present, is officially defined in Supreme Decree No. 1,534 of the Ministry of the Interior, published in 1967, on the use of national emblems, which systematized and consolidated various laws and regulations on the subject. (Other laws include Law No. 2,597 of 11 January 1912, concerning the colors and proportions of the national flag, the presidential sash and rosette or cockade, and Supreme Decree No. 5805 of the Ministry of the Interior, published 26 August 1927, sets the size of the national flag for use in buildings and public offices.) According to the decree, the ratio between length and width of the flag is 3:2, being divided horizontally into two bands of equal size. While the lower section corresponds to the color red, the upper area is divided once in a blue square and a white rectangle whose lengths are in proportion 1:2, respectively. The star is located in the center of the blue canton and is constructed on a circle whose diameter is half the side of the canton.
Displaying the Chilean flag horizontally or vertically.Chilean flag painted on a wall inValparaíso.
According to Chilean law, public use of the flag is allowed without prior authorization.[13] Before October 2011 its use was prohibited, without the approval of the provincial governor.[14][15] (An exception was made in 2010 during the bicentennial celebrations, where display of the flag was permitted during the whole month of September.[16]) This rule, however, was rarely enforced, as the flag was widely used on street celebrations, stadiums or rallies, without penal consequences.[citation needed]
Public buildings and private residences are required to display the flag on Navy Day (21 May), National Day (18 September) and Army Day (19 September).[15][17] If the flag is displayed incorrectly or not displayed at all during these days, the person responsible may be fined.[18]
According to the protocol concerned, the flag should be hoisted from the tip of a white mast, and if done in company with other flags different, they must be of equal or lesser size. The Chilean flag must be set to the left if the sum of the flags is an even number or the center if the sum is an odd number. The flag must also be the first to be lifted and lowered the last.
The Chilean flag can be displayed hanging either vertically or horizontally from a building or wall. In both cases, the blue square should be to the viewer's upper left.[15]
Article 22 of the 1980Constitution of Chile states that all inhabitants of the Republic owe respect to Chile and to its national emblems. The national emblems of Chile are the national flag, thecoat of arms of the Republic and thenational anthem. Pursuant to article 6 of the State Security Act of Chile (Decreto No. 890 de 1975), it is a felony against the public order to publicly mistreat the flag, the coat of arms, the name of the motherland or the national anthem.
Chile isadministratively divided into 16regions in which the internal government corresponds to theintendant. Some regional governments have adopted their own insignias, though most lack relevance, being principally used for public, regional organizations. The only exception is the flag of theMagallanes and Antartica Chilena Region, which has been adopted as a symbol of identity Magellan by its inhabitants.[19]
The regional flags can be found in the Access Hall of theNational Congress of Chile in the city ofValparaíso. Many communes and cities also have their own flags.
In memory of the brave heroes of theBattle of La Concepcion in 1882, on 9 July each year, the very day the final Chilean soldiers in La Concepcion died in defense of the Chilean nation, thisPledge to the Flag (Juramento de la Bandera) is recited at all installations and military bases of theChilean Army and the twoChilean Air Force] educational schools, and on graduation parades of theChilean Navy and Air Force across the nation in remembrance of this moment in Chilean history. If done for theCarabineros de Chile, it is on the service anniversary (27 April) and passing out parades of enlisted personnel. A similar pledge is done by servicemen of theChilean Gendarmerie and theInvestigations Police of Chile - in the latter the American hand over heart gesture has been executed to clearly diffenciate from its sister organizations.
English translation of the pledge - Armed Forces variant
I (name and rank) pledge, to God and this flag, to serve my country with loyalty, whether in sea, on land, (in the air,[20]) or in anywhere else, preparing thus, if needed, to sacrifice my life, to fulfill my military duties and obligations, in accordance with the laws and regulations in force, to obey quickly and punctually the orders of my superior officers, and thus invest my efforts in being a brave and honorable soldier (sailor, airman) no matter what, for my country's sake!
English translation of the pledge - Carabineros variant
I pledge, as a constable/second lieutenant, to God and this very flag, To serve loyally the duties of my profession, To preserve the Constitution and laws of the republic, And to serve and protect all citizens and the people who live in this land Even if it needs for me to sacrifice my life For the defense of order and the country!
English translation of the pledge - Gendarmerie variant
I (name and rank), pledge before the flag of my country, to obey and comply with the laws and regulations concerning the Gendarmenie, to serve loyally with the demands of this institution.
I pledge, towards my superiors, comrades and those of other organizations to be a good example with punctually as I serve the duties of this service even needed to do at the cost of my own life!
^Claudio Navarro; Verónica Guajardo."Símbolos: La Bandera" (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved8 June 2008.
^abGuaquil, Rodolfo Manzo (5 May 2018).Los verdaderos emblemas de la República de Chile: 1810-2010 (in Spanish). p. 23.Otro aspecto importante en la bandera es la estrella de cinco puntas e inclinada que representa a la wünelfe, nombre que con que los indígenas mapuches asignaban al planeta Venus...
^Amunátegui Aldunate, Miguel Luis (1870).Los precursores de la independencia de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. III. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta, Litografía i Encuadernación Barcelona. pp. 587–590. Retrieved11 October 2019.
^Soublette, Gastón (1984)."La estrella de Chile" (in Spanish). Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso. Archived fromthe original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved7 October 2010.
^Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de (1929).Las banderas de Yara y Bayamo (in Spanish). Paris.imaginó una bandera nueva, que luciendo los mismos colores y forma de la de Carreras [sic] y O'Higgins se diferenciase de ésta en la disposición de aquellos{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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