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First Sea Lord

(Redirected fromFirst Naval Lord)

First Sea Lord, officially known asFirst Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff (1SL/CNS), is the title of a statutory position in theBritish Armed Forces, usually held by anadmiral. As the highest-ranking officer to serve in theRoyal Navy, the chief is the principalmilitary advisor on matters pertaining to the navy and a deputy to theSecretary of State for Defence. In a separate capacity, the CNS is a member of theChiefs of Staff Committee and, thereby, a military advisor to theNational Security Council, theprime minister and themonarch. The First Sea Lord is typically the highest-ranking officer onactive duty of the Royal Navy unless theChief of the Defence Staff is a naval officer. Admiral SirBen Key was appointed First Sea Lord in November 2021.[1]

First Sea Lord and
Chief of the Naval Staff
Incumbent
Admiral SirBen Key
since 8 November 2021
Ministry of Defence
Royal Navy
TypeNaval officer
StatusMilitary branch chief
Abbreviation1SL/CNS
Member ofDefence Council
Admiralty Board
Chiefs of Staff Committee
Reports toChief of the Defence Staff
NominatorSecretary of State for Defence
AppointerThe Monarch
On the advice of the Prime Minister, subject to formal approval by theKing-in-Council
Term lengthNot fixed
typically 3–4 years
FormationSenior Naval Lord (1689–1771)
First Naval Lord (1771–1904)
First Sea Lord (from 1904)
First holderAdmiralArthur Herbert (as Senior Naval Lord)
Admiral of the Fleet SirJohn Fisher (as First Sea Lord)
DeputyDeputy First Sea Lord (1917-1919, 1942-1946)
Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (1941–1946)
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff
WebsiteOfficial website

Originally titled the "Senior Naval Lord to the Board of Admiralty" when the post was created in 1689,[2] the office was re-styledFirst Naval Lord in 1771.[3] The concept of a professional "First Naval Lord" was introduced in 1805,[4] and the title of the office was changed toFirst Sea Lord on the appointment of SirJohn "Jackie" Fisher in 1904. Since 1923, the First Sea Lord has been a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee; he now sits on theDefence Council and theAdmiralty Board.[5]

Responsibilities

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The First Sea Lord is the professional head of the Royal Navy and a member of the Defence Council. He is responsible to the Secretary of State for the fighting effectiveness, efficiency and morale of the Naval Service. As a member of the Defence Council, the First Sea Lord supports the Secretary of State in the management and direction of the Armed Forces through prerogative and statutory powers. As a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, he advisesCDS on maritime strategy and policy. He has a collective responsibility for providing strategic direction to the department, managing performance and ensuring that defence delivers the required outputs.[6]

History

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Lords Admiral were appointed from the 15th century; they were later styledLords High Admiral until the 18th century, andLords Commissioners of the Admiralty from the 17th century, as the governors of the English and later BritishRoyal Navy. From 1683 to 1684, there were seven paid Commissioners, and one unpaid supernumerary Commissioner. The number varied between five and seven Commissioners through the 18th century. The standing of all the Commissioners was in theory the same, although the First Commissioner orFirst Lord exercised an ascendancy over his colleagues from an early date.[7]

The generally recognized office ofSenior Naval Lord to the Board of Admiralty was established on 8 March 1689,[2] with the first incumbent being AdmiralArthur Herbert; he was also First Lord of the Admiralty. On 20 January 1690 Admiral Herbert was succeeded by Admiral SirJohn Chicheley[2] under First Lord of AdmiraltyThomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke.[7]

On 22 May 1702 the Board of Admiralty ceased control of naval affairs and was replaced by theLord Admiral's Council.[2] The previous office of Senior Naval Lord was replaced by aSenior Member to the Lords Admiral Council; he was usually a serving naval officer of admiral rank and was theChief Naval Adviser to the Lord Admiral. This lasted until 8 November 1709, when the Board of Admiralty resumed control of Naval Affairs and the post of Senior Naval Lord was resumed.[7]

On 2 February 1771 the office of Senior Naval Lord was renamed toFirst Naval Lord.[3] The first post holder was Vice-AdmiralAugustus Hervey; he first served under First Lord of the AdmiraltyJohn Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. In 1805, for the first time, specific functions were assigned to each of the 'Naval' Lords, who were described as 'Professional' Lords, leaving to the 'Civil' Lords the routine business of signing documents.[7] On 2 May 1827[8] the Board of Admiralty once again ceased control of Naval Affairs and was replaced, until 1828, by a Lord High Admirals Council.[7]

The title of the First Naval Lord was changed toFirst Sea Lord on the appointment of Sir Jackie Fisher in 1904.[9] In 1917 the First Sea Lord was re-styledFirst Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff.[10] From 1923 onward, the First Sea Lord was a member of theChiefs of Staff Committee, and from 1923 to 1959, in rotation with the representatives of the other services (theChief of the Imperial General Staff andChief of the Air Staff), he served as the chairman of that committee and head of all British armed forces.[a] The title was retained when theBoard of Admiralty was abolished in 1964 and the Board's functions were integrated into the Ministry of Defence.[12]

Under the current organisation, the First Sea Lord sits on theDefence Council,[13] theAdmiralty Board[13] and theNavy Board.[14]

Since 2012, theflagship of the First Sea Lord has nominally been theship of the lineHMSVictory, which used to beLord Nelson's flagship.[15]

Professional heads of the English/British Armed Forces
Royal NavyBritish ArmyRoyal Air ForceCombined
1645N/ACommander-in-Chief of the Forces (1645/60–1904, intermittently)N/A. The RAF was formed in 1918
1689Senior Naval Lord (1689–1771)
1771First Naval Lord (1771–1904)
1904First Sea Lord (1904–1917)Chief of the General Staff (1904–1909)Inter-service co-ordination was carried out from 1904 by theCommittee of Imperial Defence under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister
1909Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1909–1964)
1917First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff (1917–present)
1918Chief of the Air Staff (1918–present)
1923Chairman of theChiefs of Staff Committee (1923–1959, held by one of the service heads until 1956)
1959Chief of the Defence Staff (1959–present)
1964Chief of the General Staff (1964–present)

Appointees

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The following table lists all those who have held the post of First Sea Lord or its preceding positions. Ranks and honours are as at the completion of their tenure:

No.PortraitNameTook officeLeft officeTime in officeRef.
Senior Naval Lords
1Herbert, ArthurAdmiral
Arthur Herbert
(c. 1648–1716)		8 March 168920 January 1690318 days[2]
2Chicheley, JohnRear-Admiral
SirJohn Chicheley
(c. 1640–1691)		20 January 16905 June 1690136 days[2]
3Russell, EdwardAdmiral of the Fleet
Edward Russell
(1653–1727)		5 June 169023 January 1691232 days[2]
4Priestman, HenryCaptain
Henry Priestman
(c. 1647–1712)		23 January 16912 May 16943 years, 99 days[2]
(3)Russell, EdwardAdmiral of the Fleet
Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford
(1653–1727)		2 May 169431 May 16995 years, 29 days[2]
5Rooke, GeorgeAdmiral of the Fleet
SirGeorge Rooke
(1650–1709)		31 May 169926 January 17022 years, 240 days[2]
6Leake, JohnAdmiral of the Fleet
SirJohn Leake
(1656–1720)		8 November 17094 October 1710330 days[16]
7Byng, GeorgeAdmiral
SirGeorge Byng
(1663–1733)		4 October 171030 September 17121 year, 362 days[16]
(6)Leake, JohnAdmiral of the Fleet
SirJohn Leake
(1656–1720)		30 September 171214 October 17142 years, 14 days[16]
(7)Byng, GeorgeAdmiral
SirGeorge Byng
(1663–1733)		14 October 171416 April 17172 years, 184 days[16]
8Aylmer, MatthewAdmiral of the Fleet
Matthew Aylmer
(c. 1650–1720)		16 April 171719 March 1718337 days[16]
(7)Byng, GeorgeAdmiral of the Fleet
SirGeorge Byng
(1663–1733)		19 March 171830 September 17213 years, 195 days[16]
9Jennings, JohnAdmiral
SirJohn Jennings
(1664–1743)		30 September 17211 June 17275 years, 244 days[16]
10Norris, JohnAdmiral
SirJohn Norris
(c. 1670–1749)		1 June 172713 May 17302 years, 346 days[16]
11Wager, CharlesAdmiral
SirCharles Wager
(1666–1743)		13 May 173023 June 17333 years, 41 days[16]
12Hamilton, ArchibaldCaptain
Lord Archibald Hamilton
(1673–1754)		23 June 173313 March 17384 years, 263 days[16]
13Powlett, HarryLord Harry Powlett
(1691–1759)		13 March 173819 March 17424 years, 6 days[16]
(12)Hamilton, ArchibaldCaptain
Lord Archibald Hamilton
(1673–1754)		19 March 174225 March 17464 years, 6 days[16]
14Beauclerk, VereAdmiral
Lord Vere Beauclerk
(1699–1781)		25 March 174618 November 17493 years, 238 days[16]
15Anson, GeorgeAdmiral
George Anson, 1st Baron Anson
(1697–1762)		18 November 174922 June 17511 year, 216 days[16]
16Rowley, WilliamAdmiral
SirWilliam Rowley
(c. 1690–1768)		22 June 175117 November 17565 years, 148 days[16]
17Boscawen, EdwardVice-Admiral
Edward Boscawen
(1711–1761)		17 November 17566 April 1757140 days[16]
(16)Rowley, WilliamAdmiral
SirWilliam Rowley
(c. 1690–1768)		6 April 17572 July 175787 days[16]
(17)Boscawen, EdwardAdmiral
Edward Boscawen
(1711–1761)		2 July 175719 March 17613 years, 260 days[16]
18Forbes, JohnAdmiral
John Forbes
(1714–1796)		19 March 176120 April 17632 years, 32 days[16]
19Howe, RichardCaptain
Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe
(1726–1799)		20 April 176331 July 17652 years, 102 days[16]
20Saunders, CharlesVice-Admiral
SirCharles Saunders
(c. 1715–1775)		31 July 176515 September 17661 year, 46 days[16]
21Keppel, AugustusRear-Admiral
Augustus Keppel
(1725–1786)		15 September 176611 December 176687 days[16]
22Brett, PeircyRear-Admiral
SirPeircy Brett
(1709–1781)		11 December 176628 February 17703 years, 79 days[16]
23Holburne, FrancisAdmiral
Francis Holburne
(1704–1771)		28 February 17702 February 1771339 days[16]
First Naval Lords
24Hervey, AugustusCaptain
Augustus Hervey
(1724–1779)		2 February 177112 April 17754 years, 69 days[3]
25Palliser, HughVice-Admiral
SirHugh Palliser
(1723–1796)		12 April 177523 September 17794 years, 164 days[3]
26Palliser, HughVice-Admiral
Robert Man		23 September 177922 September 1780365 days[3]
27Darby, GeorgeVice-Admiral
George Darby
(c. 1720–1790)		22 September 17801 April 17821 year, 191 days[3]
28Harland, RobertAdmiral
SirRobert Harland
(c. 1715–1784)		1 April 178230 January 1783304 days[3]
29Pigot, HughAdmiral
Hugh Pigot
(1722–1792)		30 January 178331 December 1783335 days[3]
30Leveson-Gower, JohnRear-Admiral
John Leveson-Gower
(1740–1792)		31 December 178312 August 17895 years, 224 days[3]
31Hood, SamuelAdmiral
Samuel Hood, 1st Baron Hood
(1724–1816)		12 August 17897 March 17955 years, 207 days[3]
32Middleton, CharlesVice-Admiral
SirCharles Middleton
(1726–1813)		7 March 179520 November 1795258 days[3]
33Gambier, JamesVice-Admiral
James Gambier
(1756–1833)		20 November 179519 February 18015 years, 91 days[3]
34Troubridge, ThomasRear-Admiral
SirThomas Troubridge
(c. 1758–1807)		19 February 180115 May 18043 years, 86 days[3]
(33)Gambier JamesVice Admiral
James Gambier
(1756–1833)		15 May 180410 February 18061 year, 271 days[3]
35Markham, JohnRear Admiral
John Markham
(1761–1827)		10 February 18066 April 18071 year, 55 days[3]
(33)Gambier, JamesAdmiral
James Gambier
(1756–1833)		6 April 18079 May 18081 year, 33 days[3]
36Bickerton, RichardVice Admiral
SirRichard Bickerton
(1759–1832)		9 May 180825 March 18123 years, 321 days[3]
37Domett, WilliamVice Admiral
William Domett
(1752–1828)		25 March 181223 October 18131 year, 212 days[3]
38Yorke, JosephVice Admiral
SirJoseph Yorke
(1768–1831)		23 October 181324 May 18162 years, 214 days[3]
39Moore, GrahamVice Admiral
SirGraham Moore
(1764–1843)		24 May 181613 March 18203 years, 294 days[3]
40Johnstone Hope, WilliamVice Admiral
SirWilliam Johnstone Hope
(1766–1831)		13 March 18202 May 18277 years, 50 days[3]
41Cockburn, GeorgeVice Admiral
SirGeorge Cockburn
(1772–1853)		19 September 182825 November 18302 years, 67 days[7]
42Hardy, ThomasRear Admiral
SirThomas Hardy
(1769–1839)		25 November 18301 August 18343 years, 249 days[7]
43Dundas, GeorgeRear Admiral
SirGeorge Dundas
(1778–1834)		1 August 18341 November 183492 days[7]
44Adam, CharlesRear Admiral
SirCharles Adam
(1780–1853)		1 November 183423 December 183452 days[7]
(41)Cockburn, GeorgeVice Admiral
SirGeorge Cockburn
(1772–1853)		23 December 183425 April 1835123 days[7]
(44)Adam, CharlesVice Admiral
SirCharles Adam
(1780–1853)		25 April 18358 September 18416 years, 197 days[7]
(41)Cockburn, GeorgeAdmiral
SirGeorge Cockburn
(1772–1853)		8 September 184113 July 18464 years, 308 days[7]
45Parker, WilliamVice Admiral
SirWilliam Parker
(1781–1866)		13 July 184624 July 184611 days[7]
(44)Adam, CharlesVice Admiral
SirCharles Adam
(1780–1853)		24 July 184620 July 1847361 days[7]
46Dundas, JamesRear Admiral
SirJames Dundas
(1785–1862)		20 July 184713 February 18524 years, 208 days[7]
47Berkeley, MauriceRear Admiral
Maurice Fitzhardinge Berkeley
(1788–1867)		13 February 18522 March 185218 days[7]
48Parker, HydeVice Admiral
Hyde Parker
(1784–1854)		2 March 185226 May 18542 years, 85 days[7]
(47)Berkeley, MauriceVice Admiral
Maurice Fitzhardinge Berkeley
(1788–1867)		26 May 185424 November 18572 years, 182 days[7]
48Dundas, RichardVice Admiral
SirRichard Saunders Dundas
(1802–1861)		24 November 18578 March 1858104 days[7]
49Martin, WilliamVice Admiral
SirWilliam Martin
(1801–1895)		8 March 185828 June 18591 year, 112 days[7]
(48)Dundas, RichardVice Admiral
Richard Saunders Dundas
(1802–1861)		28 June 185915 June 18611 year, 352 days[7]
50Grey, FrederickAdmiral
SirFrederick Grey
(1805–1878)		15 June 186113 July 18665 years, 28 days[7]
51Milne, AlexanderVice Admiral
SirAlexander Milne
(1806–1896)		13 July 186618 December 18682 years, 158 days[7]
52Dacres, SydneyAdmiral
SirSydney Dacres
(1804–1884)		18 December 186827 November 18723 years, 345 days[7]
(51)Milne, AlexanderAdmiral
SirAlexander Milne
(1806–1896)		27 November 18727 September 18763 years, 285 days[17]
53Yelverton, HastingsAdmiral
SirHastings Yelverton
(1808–1878)		7 September 18765 November 18771 year, 59 days[17]
54Wellesley, GeorgeAdmiral
SirGeorge Wellesley
(1814–1901)		5 November 187712 August 18791 year, 280 days[17]
55Key, AstleyAdmiral
SirAstley Cooper Key
(1821–1888)		12 August 18791 July 18855 years, 323 days[17]
56Hood, ArthurAdmiral
SirArthur Hood
(1824–1901)		1 July 188515 February 1886229 days[17]
57Hay, JohnAdmiral
Lord John Hay
(1827–1916)		15 February 18869 August 1886175 days[17]
(56)Hood, ArthurAdmiral
SirArthur Hood
(1824–1901)		9 August 188624 October 18893 years, 76 days[17]
58Hamilton, RichardAdmiral
SirRichard Hamilton
(1829–1912)		24 October 188928 September 18911 year, 339 days[17]
59Hoskins, AnthonyAdmiral
SirAnthony Hoskins
(1828–1901)		28 September 18911 November 18932 years, 34 days[17]
60Richards, FrederickAdmiral of the Fleet
SirFrederick Richards
(1833–1912)		1 November 189319 August 18995 years, 291 days[17]
61Kerr, WalterAdmiral of the Fleet
Lord Walter Kerr
(1839–1927)		19 August 189921 October 19045 years, 63 days[18]
First Sea Lords
62Fisher, JohnAdmiral of the Fleet
SirJohn Fisher
(1841–1920)		21 October 190425 January 19105 years, 96 days[19]
63Wilson, ArthurAdmiral of the Fleet
SirArthur Wilson
(1842–1921)		25 January 19105 December 19111 year, 314 days[20]
64Bridgeman, FrancisAdmiral
SirFrancis Bridgeman
(1848–1929)		5 December 19119 December 19121 year, 4 days[21]
65Mountbatten, LouisAdmiral
Prince Louis of Battenberg
(1854–1921)		9 December 191230 October 19141 year, 325 days[22]
(62)Fisher, JohnAdmiral of the Fleet
John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher
(1841–1920)		30 October 191415 May 1915197 days[23]
66Jackson, HenryAdmiral
SirHenry Jackson
(1855–1929)		15 May 191530 November 19161 year, 199 days[24]
67Jellicoe, JohnAdmiral of the Fleet
SirJohn Jellicoe
(1859–1935)		30 November 191610 January 19181 year, 41 days[25]
68Wemyss, RosslynAdmiral of the Fleet
SirRosslyn Wemyss
(1864–1933)		10 January 19181 November 19191 year, 295 days[26]
69Beatty, DavidAdmiral of the Fleet
David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty
(1871–1936)		1 November 191930 July 19277 years, 271 days[27]
70Madden, CharlesAdmiral of the Fleet
SirCharles Madden
(1862–1935)		30 July 192730 July 19303 years, 0 days[28]
71Field, FrederickAdmiral of the Fleet
SirFrederick Field
(1871–1945)		30 July 193021 January 19332 years, 175 days[29]
72Chatfield, ErnleAdmiral of the Fleet
Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield
(1873–1967)		21 January 19337 September 19385 years, 229 days[30]
73Backhouse, RogerAdmiral of the Fleet
SirRoger Backhouse
(1878–1939)		7 September 193812 June 1939278 days[31]
74Pound, DudleyAdmiral of the Fleet
SirDudley Pound
(1877–1943)		12 June 193915 October 19434 years, 125 days[32]
75Cunningham, AndrewAdmiral of the Fleet
Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope
(1883–1963)		15 October 194324 May 19462 years, 221 days[33]
76Cunningham, JohnAdmiral of the Fleet
SirJohn Cunningham
(1885–1962)		24 May 194629 September 19482 years, 128 days[34]
77Fraser, BruceAdmiral of the Fleet
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape
(1888–1981)		29 September 194820 December 19513 years, 82 days[35]
78McGrigor, RhoderickAdmiral of the Fleet
SirRhoderick McGrigor
(1893–1959)		20 December 195118 April 19553 years, 119 days[36]
79Mountbatten, LouisAdmiral of the Fleet
Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979)
[b]		18 April 195519 October 19594 years, 184 days[37]
80Lambe, CharlesAdmiral
SirCharles Lambe
(1900–1960)		19 October 195923 May 1960217 days[38]
81John, CasparAdmiral of the Fleet
SirCaspar John
(1903–1984)		23 May 19607 August 19633 years, 76 days[39]
82Luce, DavidAdmiral
SirDavid Luce
(1906–1971)		7 August 196315 March 19662 years, 220 days[40]
83Begg, VarylAdmiral
SirVaryl Begg
(1908–1995)		15 March 196612 August 19682 years, 150 days[41]
84Fanu, MichaelAdmiral
SirMichael Le Fanu
(1913–1970)		12 August 19683 July 19701 year, 325 days[42]
85Hill, PeterAdmiral
SirPeter Hill-Norton
(1915–2004)
[b]		3 July 19709 April 1971280 days[43]
86Pollock, MichaelAdmiral
SirMichael Pollock
(1916–2006)		9 April 19711 March 19742 years, 326 days[44]
87Ashmore, EdwardAdmiral
SirEdward Ashmore
(1919–2016)		1 March 19749 February 19772 years, 345 days[45]
88Lewin, TerenceAdmiral of the Fleet
SirTerence Lewin
(1920–1999)
[b]		1 March 19776 July 19792 years, 127 days[46]
89Leach, HenryAdmiral
SirHenry Leach
(1923–2011)		6 July 19791 December 19823 years, 148 days[47]
90Fieldhouse, JohnAdmiral
SirJohn Fieldhouse
(1928–1992)
[b]		1 December 19822 August 19852 years, 244 days[48]
91Staveley, WilliamAdmiral
SirWilliam Staveley
(1928–1997)		2 August 198525 May 19893 years, 296 days[49]
92Oswald, JulianAdmiral
SirJulian Oswald
(1933–2011)		25 May 19892 March 19933 years, 281 days[50]
93Bathurst, BenjaminAdmiral
SirBenjamin Bathurst
(born 1936)		2 March 199310 July 19952 years, 130 days[51]
94Slater, JockAdmiral
SirJock Slater
(born 1938)		10 July 19958 October 19983 years, 90 days[52]
95Boyce, MichaelAdmiral
SirMichael Boyce
(1943–2022)
[b]		8 October 199816 January 20012 years, 100 days[52]
96Essenhigh, NigelAdmiral
SirNigel Essenhigh
(born 1944)		16 January 200117 September 20021 year, 244 days[53]
97West, AlanAdmiral
SirAlan West
(born 1948)		17 September 20026 February 20063 years, 142 days[52]
98Band, JonathonAdmiral
SirJonathon Band
(born 1950)		6 February 200621 July 20093 years, 165 days[52]
99Stanhope, MarkAdmiral
SirMark Stanhope
(born 1952)		21 July 20099 April 20133 years, 262 days[52]
100Zambellas, GeorgeAdmiral
SirGeorge Zambellas
(born 1958)		9 April 20138 April 20162 years, 365 days[54]
101Jones, PhilipAdmiral
SirPhilip Jones
(born 1960)		8 April 201619 June 20193 years, 72 days[55]
102Radakin, TonyAdmiral
SirTony Radakin
(born 1965)
[b]		19 June 20198 November 20212 years, 142 days[56]
103Key, BenAdmiral
SirBen Key
(born 1965)		8 November 2021Incumbent3 years, 155 days[1][57]

In fiction

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InJohn Buchan's novelThe Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), the First Sea Lord is named as Lord Alloa, an impostor whomRichard Hannay recognizes at a meeting as a spy and recent pursuer of his. Hannay describes Lord Alloa as recognizable from news pictures for his "beard cut like a spade, the firm fighting mouth, the blunt square nose, and the keen blue eyes...the man, they say, that made the New British Navy".[58] The real First Sea Lord at the time the story is set (early summer 1914) wasPrince Louis of Battenberg, coincidentally also bearded.[59]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^In 1955, it was decided to create a new post,Chief of the Defence Staff, who would be chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee.[11]
  2. ^abcdefLater served asChief of the Defence Staff.

Citations

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  1. ^ab"Vice Admiral Sir Ben Key KCB CBE has been appointed to First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff".gov.uk. 15 October 2021. Retrieved8 November 2021.
  2. ^abcdefghijRodger 1979, p. 34.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuRodger 1979, p. 69.
  4. ^Thomas 1988, p. 31.
  5. ^"People – First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff". MoD. Archived fromthe original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved23 July 2013.
  6. ^"Admiral Sir Ben Key KCB CBE ADC".GOV.UK. Retrieved29 June 2023.  Text was copied from this source, which is available under theOpen Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxSainty 1975, pp. 18–31.
  8. ^Rodger 1979, p. 91.
  9. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 81.
  10. ^Friedman 2015, p. 21.
  11. ^Defence Administrative ResponsibilitiesArchived 17 October 2012 at theWayback Machine Hansard, 25 October 1955
  12. ^Ministry of Defence (10 December 2012)."History of the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Defence website"(PDF). Mod.uk. Retrieved3 June 2013.
  13. ^abThe Navy List, 1992, corrected to 31 March 1992, pub HMSO,ISSN 0141-6081 pages 4–5.
    The Navy List, 2008, compiled 3 September 2008, pub TSO,ISBN 978-0-11-773081-6 pages 4–5.
  14. ^"MOD Royal Navy". Retrieved17 June 2016.
  15. ^HMS Victory handed to First Sea Lord in PortsmouthArchived 6 March 2019 at theWayback Machine, BBC News, 10 October 2012, accessed 8 October 2016
  16. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxRodger, p. 51-52
  17. ^abcdefghij"The Commissioners ("Lords") of the Admiralty 1828 – 1895". W Loney RN. Retrieved25 January 2014.
  18. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 144.
  19. ^Mackay 1973, p. 315.
  20. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 268.
  21. ^"Admiral Sir Francis Bridgeman".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32062.(Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
  22. ^Kerr 1934, p. 238.
  23. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 83.
  24. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 127.
  25. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 130.
  26. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 252.
  27. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 26.
  28. ^Heathcote 2002, p. 164.
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