Lungu andMambwe are also spoken in Zambia where they are considered languages and their speakers are considered to be ethnic groups in their own right, although linguists consider Lungu and Mambwe to be dialects of a single language. There are three dialects: Milanzi (also referred to as IchiSukuuma), Kwa (Ichikwa) and Nkansi.
Maho (2009) classifies M.131 Kulwe (Kuulwe, no ISO code) as closest to Fipa. Otherwise the dialects are Milanzi (Fipa-Sukuma,Icisukuuma), South Fipa, Kandaasi (Icikandaasi), Siiwa (Icisiiwa), Nkwaamba (Icinkwaamba), Kwa (Icikwa), Kwaafi (Icikwaafi), Ntile (Icintile, Cile), Peemba (Icipeemba).
Labroussi, Catherine. 1998.Le couloir de lacs: Contributions linguistique à l’histoire des populations du sud-ouest de la Tanzanie. Doctoral Dissertation, INALCO.
Labroussi, Catherine. 1999. Vowel systems and spirantization in S.W. Tanzania. InBantu historical linguistics, ed. Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman, 335–377. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Walsh, Martin T., and Imani N. Swilla. 2000.Linguistics in the corridor: A review of research on the Bantu languages of south-west Tanzania, north-east Zambia and north Malawi. Ms, Dar es Salaam.
Whiteley, W. H. 1964. Suggestions for recording a Bantu language in the field.Tanganyika Notes and Records 62:1–19.
Willis, Roy G. 1966.The Fipa and related peoples of south-west Tanzania and north-east Zambia. London: International African Institute.
Willis, Roy G. 1968. The Fipa. InTanzania before 1900, ed.Andrew Roberts, 82–95. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
Willis, Roy G. 1978.There was a certain man: Spoken art of the Fipa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Woodward, Mark, Anna-Lena Lindfors, and Louise Nagler. 2008.A sociolinguistic survey of the Fipa language community: Ethnic diversity and dialect diversity. SIL Electronic Survey Report, SIL International.
