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Finial

Afinial (fromLatinfinis 'end')[1] orhip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature.[2]

Finial of the dome of theTaj Mahal

In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize theapex of adome,spire,tower, roof, orgable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure.[3] A finial is typically carved in stone. Where there are several such elements they may be calledpinnacles. The very top of a finial can be a floral or foliated element called a bouquet.[4]

Smaller finials in materials such as metal or wood are used as a decorative ornament on the tops or ends of poles or rods such as tent-poles orcurtain rods or any object such as a piece of furniture. These are frequently seen on top of bed posts or clocks. Decorative finials are also commonly used to fastenlampshades, and as an ornamental element at the end of the handles ofsouvenir spoons. The charm at the end of apull chain (such as for aceiling fan or alamp) is also known as a finial.

In architecture

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Kalasha finials on top of agopuram

On roofs

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Decorative roof-finials are a common feature of Malaysian religious and residential architecture.[5] InMalacca,Malaysia, there are 38 mosques with traditional roof finials, with layered and crown-shaped designs, which are known asMakhota Atap Masjid.[5] On mosques built after the 20th century, these finials have been replaced by "bulbous domes".[5] Other terms for roof finials include:Tunjuk Langit andBuah Buton (East Coast) as well asBuah Gutung (Kelantan andTerengganu).[5] TheMakhota Atap Masjid finials are made of mixed concrete, and theBuah Buton are made of wood.[5]

InJapanese architecture,chigi are finials that were used atopShinto shrines inIse andIzumo and the imperial palace.[6]

InJava andBali, a rooftop finial is known asmustaka orkemuncak.

InThailand finials feature on domestic andreligious buildings.[7]Hti is a kind of finial found onBurmese Buddhist temples and pagodas. On Buddhist stupas, thelayered umbrella (Skt.chhatra; Pali:chhatta) tiers have cosmological significance as representing the realms ofheavens or the trunk of a cosmic tree.[8] Even the stupa itself (comparatively smaller) can be a finial to aStupa or otherBuddhist religious structure.

Thekalasha is a finial onHindu temples.[9] In theDravidian style oftemple architecture, the kalasha is placed on top of a dome with an inverted lotus flower shape in between.[10] There may also be lotus petals at the top, before the kalasha narrows to a single point, or bindu.[10]

There are two guldastas, or finials, per facade atHumayun's Tomb.[11]

Finials are decorative elements in a variety of American domesticarchitectural styles, includingFrench colonial,Georgian,Victorian, and Romanesque Revival.[12]

Roof finials can be made from a variety of materials includingclay,metal, orwood.

Afolklore tradition in the easternUnited States portrays finials as discouragingwitches on broomsticks from landing locally.[13]

Flagpoles

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French Imperial Eagle finial on a regiment banner of theGrande Armée

A "ball-style" finial is often mounted to the top of a stationaryflagpole.[14] The United StatesArmy,Navy,Marine Corps, andCoast Guard employ a variety of different finials depending on the flag in question, the Marines and Coast Guard deferring to the Navy's protocols.[15]

On furniture

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A round finial on a bed post

Bed posts and curtain rods

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Public garden or parkrailings often end in finials, and wooden posts tend to have turned wood finials. Turned wood finials are used on various pieces of furniture.[16] While the purpose of finials on bed posts is mostly decorative,[17] they serve a purpose on curtain rods, providing a way to keep a curtain from slipping off the end of a straight rod.

Curtain rod finials can be seen to act much like a barometer of public taste. Many designs hark back to theGothic andNeogothic of architectural finials, while other contemporary finials reflectminimalist,Art Nouveau, and other traditional styles of decor. The use of different materials is as wide as the range of designs with brass, stainless steel, various woods, and aluminum being employed with a variety of finishes such as 'satin steel' and 'antique brass'. The durability, strength, and machinability of modern alloys have lent themselves to increasingly intricate and dazzling designs.

Use as headgear

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During the variousdynasties in China, a finial was worn on the tops of thehats civil or military officials wore during formal court ceremonies.[18][19] The finial was changed to a knob for other daily usage (including semi-formal ceremonies). ThePickelhaube is a Central European military helmet with a finial topped by a spike.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Finial" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 376.
  2. ^Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2015).The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5.
  3. ^Ching, Francis D. K. (13 October 2014).Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. John Wiley & Sons.ISBN 978-1-118-74513-7.
  4. ^Harris, Cyril M. (1 January 1983).Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture. Courier Corporation.ISBN 978-0-486-24444-0.
  5. ^abcdeZakaria, Ros Mahwati Ahmad; Ismail, Nurfarahhanna; Ramli, Zuliskandar; Ali, Muhammad Shafiq Mohd (14 July 2019)."Mapping the "Mahkota Atap Masjid" or Decorative Roof Finial of Traditional Mosques in Malacca".Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal.4 (1 1):129–136.doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v4i11.1760.ISSN 2398-4287.
  6. ^Waterson, Roxana (22 May 2012).Living House: An Anthropology of Architecture in South-East Asia. Tuttle Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4629-0601-7.
  7. ^Sthapitanond, Nithi; Mertens, Brian (2012).Architecture of Thailand: A Guide to Tradition and Contemporary Forms. Editions Didier Millet.ISBN 978-981-4260-86-2.
  8. ^Conway, Hazel; Conway, Rowan; Roenisch, Rowan (2005).Understanding Architecture: An Introduction to Architecture and Architectural History. Psychology Press.ISBN 978-0-415-32059-7.
  9. ^Dhaky, M. A. (1974)."The "Ākāśaliṅga" Finial".Artibus Asiae.36 (4):307–315.doi:10.2307/3249703.ISSN 0004-3648.JSTOR 3249703.
  10. ^abHardy, Adam (1995).Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications.ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0.
  11. ^ASHER, CATHERINE; Asher, Catherine Blanshard; Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Asher, Catherine B. (24 September 1992).Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-26728-1.
  12. ^Carley, Rachel (15 March 1997).The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture. Macmillan.ISBN 978-0-8050-4563-5.
  13. ^Weiss, Robinne (6 June 2016)."A Fondness for Finials". Retrieved11 July 2023.Folklore in the eastern U.S. suggests that finial posts were not just attractive, but also prevented witches from landing their broomsticks on the roof.
  14. ^Koppes, Wayne F.; Roehm, Jack M., eds. (1980).Metal Flagpole Manual. Chicago, Illinois: National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers. p. 21.
  15. ^Army Regulation 840-10Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates, Chapter 8 "Flagstaffs and Flagstaff Heads (Finials)", § 8-2, 1 November 1998Archived 7 June 2010 at theWayback Machine
  16. ^Dunbar, Mike (2 March 2017).Woodturning Techniques – Furniture & Cabinetmaking. Penguin.ISBN 978-1-4403-4957-7.
  17. ^Gilbert, Christopher; Thornton, Peter (1980)."The Furnishing and Decoration of Ham House".Furniture History.16: i–194.ISSN 0016-3058.JSTOR 23404800.
  18. ^"Hat finial, China".www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved25 June 2022.
  19. ^Garrett, Valery (28 April 2020).Chinese Dress: From the Qing Dynasty to the Present Day. Tuttle Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4629-0694-9.
  20. ^Herr, Ulrich; Nguyen, Jens; Kozeluh, Anne (2016).The German artillery from 1871 to 1914 : uniforms and equipment. Vienna.ISBN 978-3-902526-80-9.OCLC 1017095569.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Look upfinial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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