Farah (Pashto :فرَاه /Dari:فراه,romanized: Farā) is one of the 34provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern^[3] part of the country on the border withIran. It is a spacious and sparsely populated province, divided into elevendistricts and contains hundreds of villages. It has a population of about 563,026,^[2] which is multi-ethnic and mostly a ruraltribal society. TheFarah Airport is located near the city ofFarah, which serves as the capital of the province. Farah is linked with Iran via the Iranian border town ofMahirud. The famous tourism sites of the province include Pul Garden, New Garden, Kafee Garden, shrine of Sultan Amir and Kafer castle.[1]

Farah فراه
Province
From the top,Farah Citadel, Togj Bridge,Pur Chaman District
Map of Afghanistan with Farah highlighted
Coordinates (Capital):32°30′N63°30′E / 32.5°N 63.5°E /32.5; 63.5
Country	Afghanistan
Capital	Farah
Government
• Governor	Noor Mohammad Rohani[1]
• Deputy Governor	Jihadiyar Sahib[1]
• Police Chief	Haji Sahib Masoom[1]
Area
• Total	48,470.9 km2 (18,714.7 sq mi)
Population  (2021)[2]
• Total	573,146
• Density	12/km2 (31/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)
Postal code	31XX
ISO 3166 code	AF-FRA
Main languages	Pashto

Geographically the province is approximately 48,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi), roughly twice the size ofMaryland, or half the size ofSouth Korea. The province is bounded on the north byHerat, on the northeast byGhor, the southeast byHelmand, the south byNimroz, and on the west by Iran. It is the fourth largest province in Afghanistan by area, but the second least densely populated province.

Shahr-e Kohne ("Old City") or Fereydun Shahr ("City of Fereydoon") is located in Farah city.^{[citation needed]} This ancient city is more than 3000 years old. It was one of the ancient places of the Persian kings, as Farah belonged historically to the Iranian empires. The name "Fereydun" here refers to a hero of the Persian epicShahnameh.^{[citation needed]}

The territory was known around 500 BC asDrangiana, withArachosia being to the east andAriana to the north. It was part of theMedian Empire followed by theAchaemenids. In 330 BCAlexander the Great took possession of the land and made it part of his empire. Upon Alexander's untimely death in 323 BC the region, along with the rest of his vast empire, was fought over by his generals all vying to be his successor. Eventually several of these were successful in carving out parts of Alexander's empire for themselves thereby becoming his official successors orDiadochi. One of these generals, Seleucus, made this region part of his domain giving it his name as theSeleucid Empire. They were replaced by other rulers and the area eventually fell to theSassanids, then to theArab Muslims. TheSaffarids rose to power in 867 AD inZaranj and made Farah part of their empire. By the 10th century the province became part of theGhaznavid Empire, whose capital was located inGhazni. They were replaced by theGhurids and then after a century later the area saw theMongol invasion.

The province was taken byTimur and eventually fell to theSafavid dynasty. It had been lost by the Safavids to the Uzbeks ofTransoxiana, but was regained following a Safavid counter-offensive around 1600 CE, along with Herat andSabzavar.^[4] In 1709, the Afghans gained independence from the Safavids and Farah became part of theHotaki Empire. By 1747, it became part ofAhmad Shah Durrani's lastAfghan empire. During the 19th century, theBritish army passed through the province to support Afghan forces inHerat Province against the invading Persians.

Following theMarxist revolution in 1978, Farah was one of the cities in which civilian massacres were carried out by the now-dominantKhalqi communists against their political, ethnic, and religious opponents.^[5]: 97 At the start of the 1980s, the majority of Farah was allied with theHarakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami movement, but after 1981 the province split along linguistic lines, with Pashto-speaking opponents of the communist government remaining with Harakat, Group-e-Malema (Teacher Group) and Tajiks moving to theJamiat-e Islami.^[5]

Following the 1992 collapse of the communist-backedDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan, Farah Province, unlike many other provinces was relatively peaceful. Most of the Farah Mujahideen belonged to Harakat Islami of Malavi Khalas, Group-e-Malema (Teacher Group), Hizb-e-Islami and Jamiat Islami.

A 1995Oxfam report lists Farah as "severely mined", and indicated that Farah was particularly problematic due to the wide variety of mine devices employed there, as well as usage of mines to deny access to irrigation systems.^[6] By late 1995, the stalemate broke as the Taliban counterattacked after Ismail Khan's failed drive to Kandahar, and all of Farah fell as the Taliban swept to take Herat on 5 September 1995.^[7]

Due to its isolation from theTaliban's area of focus, Farah exerted some small level of local control during Taliban rule. By the end of the Taliban period, there were eightUnited Nations Development Program (UNDP) schools, for both boys and girls, recognized and supported by the Taliban in Kandahar and Farah. UNDP noted that the local authorities in Farah were "particularly cooperative" on the subject.^[8]

Following the Coalition entry and union with theNorthern Alliance after September 11, 2001, the Taliban withdrew from Farah due to the heavy Coalition aerial campaign, though ground troops were not sent to the province until some time later.^[9][10]

Farah witnessed heavy clashes after the US backed overthrow of the Taliban in 2001, and is being considered insecure, relative to many parts of the country. Although there was sporadic heavy combat in the Bala Baluk, Bakwa, Khak-e-Safid, Pusht-e-Road and Gulestan districts. Due to its proximity to the restive Helmand and Uruzgan provinces, Farah experienced problems with roaming insurgent gangs moving through the province and occupying parts of the province for brief periods of time. Incidents of this type have increased as Taliban fighters face heavy pressure from theInternational Security Assistance Force (ISAF) offensives in the south.

The roads in Farah province have seen massive improvement since May 2005 and are still being improved to date April 2006. The education system greatly improved and a large number of illegal weapons were collected and destroyed in the province as testimony to theProvincial Reconstruction Team. The United States built a base atFarah Airport, which is being expanded and also houses theAfghan National Security Forces (ANFS).

In May 2009, an Americanairstrike in the village of Granai inBala Buluk District occurred that killed a large number of civilians. According toThe New York Times, the villagers said that 147 were killed, an independent Afghan human rights group put the number of killed at 117. The Americans claimed the airstrike was targetingTaliban militants, but villagers said that the Taliban had left by the time the airstrike occurred.^[11] On May 19, theU.S. Ambassador to AfghanistanKarl Eikenberry visited Farah town to talk with the survivors. He promised that "the United States will work tirelessly with your government, army and police to find ways to reduce the price paid by civilians, and avoid tragedies like what occurred in Bala Baluk."^[12]

As of 2021, the total population of Farah province is about 573,146,^[2][13] which is predominately tribal and a rural society. In 2012, about 482,400 are settled^[14] while the remaining are theKuchi and other nomads. Majority of the province is populated byPashtuns, followed byFarsiwans and someBaluch are also present.^[15] The nomads and many other villagers arePashtun tribes of theAlizai,Barakzai, andNurzai.^[16][17] An ethnic census has never been conducted in Afghanistan but according to some recent estimates 80% of the Farah province arePashtuns and 14% [Tajiks].^[18] Farah city however hasTajiks majority^[19]

The tomb ofMuhammad Jaunpuri is believed to be in Farah.

Farah's economy is overwhelmingly agricultural. The province has minerals such asgypsum,lime and construction stones,uranium ore,^[20] andcopper.^[21] More than 1300 workers are employed by 15 manufacturing firms in the province.^[20] 74% of rural households reported either agriculture or livestock to be their main source of income and 24% reported that trade and service (including non-farm labor) to their main source of income.^[22]

TheFarah Airport is located next to the city ofFarah and as of May 2014 had regularly scheduled flights toHerat.

The major road isRoute 515 which connects Farah to theRing Road betweenHerat andKandahar. Both roads were improved in 2009 in coordination with severalISAF countries.

The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 3% in 2005 to 14% in 2011.^[23]6% of births were attended to by a skilled birth attendant in 2011.^[23]

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 28% in 2005 to 18% in 2011.^[23]The overall net enrollment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 50% in 2005 to 68% in 2011.^[23]

• Words in the Dust (fiction), by author Trent Reedy who was one of the first American soldiers to enter Farah in 2004.Link

• Farah Province –Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)