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Famines in Ethiopia

Famines in Ethiopia have occurred periodically throughout thehistory ofthe country.

Theeconomy was based onsubsistence agriculture, with anaristocracy that consumed the surplus. Due to a number of causes, the peasants have lacked incentives to either improve production or to store their excess crops; as a result, they lived fromharvest to harvest. Despite the extensive modernization andland reform in the country during the last 120 years, especiallyunderEmperor Haile Selassie, as of 2016, about 80% of the population are poor farmers who still live from harvest to harvest and are vulnerable to crop failures.[1]

List of famines

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YearMain region affectedDescription
First half of 9th centuryFollowed by epidemic.[2]
1272HararMassive loss of life includingMakhzumi dynasty's aristocrats.[3]
1535Tigray (famine and epidemic)As described in theFutuh al-Habasha, this famine took a heavy toll on ImamAhmad Gragn's army: "When they entered Tigray each Muslim had fifty mules; some of them even one-hundred. When they left, each one of them had only one or two mules."[4]: 367  Amongst the dead was the Imam's young son Ahmad al-Nagasi.[4]: 373 
1540Contemporary accounts, collected by Richard Pankhurst, describe this famine as "worse than that which occurred at the time of thedestruction of theSecond Temple."[2]
1543Pankhurst provides no details.[5]
1567–1570HararThe famine was accompanied withplague andOromo expansion.

It saw the death ofNur ibn Mujahid,Emir of Harar, bytyphus: asJ. Spencer Trimingham describes, Emir Nur "exerted every effort to help his people to recover, but after every respite the Oromo would again descend like locusts and scourge the country, and Nur himself died (975/1567–8) of the pestilence which spread during the famine."[6]

1611The heavy rains that fell this year and extreme cold caused extensive crop failures in the northern provinces.

Occurring under the reign ofEmperor Susenyos I, the plague was referred to asmanan tita (literally 'whom did it leave?'). Many people died, particularly in the province ofDembiya.[7]: 52–3 [8]

1625–c. 1627Accounted by both Ethiopians andPortugueseJesuits—including Jerome Lobo,Afonso Mendes, Gaspar Pais, Thomas Barneto, andManoel de Almeida—this famine lasted for several years and was said to have been caused by unusually large swarms oflocusts. The Jesuits also took this opportunity to convert famine victims to Catholicism.[7]: 54–62 
1634–35TigrayThis famine fell under the reign ofEmperor Fasilides, as accounted by Ethiopian EmperorZara Yaqob and philosopherWalda Heywet (supposedly) and by JesuitsManoel de Almeida and Diego de Mattos.

It is said that an epidemic ofkantara orfangul (cholera) afflictedDembiya, which then spread into Tigray.[7]: 63 

1650Pankhurst provides no details[5]
1653Epidemic ofkabab.[5]
1678Cost of grain inflated; this led to the death of many mules, horses, and donkeys.[citation needed]
1700This may have been the famine that struckShewa between the reigns ofNegasi Krestos andSebastyanos, as mentioned byDonald N. Levine.[9]: 32 
1702Starving peasants were said to have appealed toEmperor Iyasu I atGondar, insisting that if he did not feed them, they would die. In response, the Emperor and his nobles fed an uncountable number of the destitute for two months.[10] The Emperor reportedly extended his charity to all those in need, whether they be a Jew, "disloyal or a murderer."[11]
1747–48This famine is attributed to locusts.[12] There was also an epidemic of fever (gunfan), possiblyinfluenza, in 1747.
1752According to Pankhurst.[5] A European visitor toGondar,Remedius Prutky, is silent about this disaster.
1783This famine is referred to ashəmame ('my sickness') inThe Royal Chronicle of Abyssinia.[12]
1789According toHerbert Weld Blundell, "there was a famine over all the provinces."[12]

DejazmachHailu Eshte, who was then living inEste, settled many "needy people" in his villages as guards. "And hearing of this report... many commanders who acted as he did adopted his example for themselves."[12]: 411 

1796This famine was particularly serious inGondar, and blamed on an infestation of locusts.[5]
1797From theRoyal Chronicle[12]
1800Soldiers died on campaign due to famine.[5]
1829ShewaThis famine was followed by acholera outbreak in 1830–31.Sengwer folklore has it that, the land "became dry and there was great hunger. The Siger went away to the east to Moru Eris, where most of them died of heat and starvation."[13]
1835ShewaRains failed, leading to famine and "great mortality".[14]
1880–81A cattle plague in 1879 spread from theAdal region, causing famine as far west asBegemder.[citation needed]
1888–92TheAfrican rinderpest epizootic of the 1890s, introduced from Indian cattle brought by the Italians for theircampaign against Somalia, killed approximately 90% of cattle.
Lack of rainfall from as early as 16 November 1888 led to famine in all but southernmost provinces;locusts andcaterpillar infestations destroy crops inAkele Guzay,Begemder,Shewa, and aroundHarar. Conditions worsened with a typhus epidemic, a majorsmallpox epidemic (1889–90), and cholera outbreaks (1889–92), forcing the coronation ofMenelik II to be a subdued event.[15]
1913–14Price of grain increased 30-fold.[16]
1929[17]
1958TigrayThe1958 Tigray famine had a death toll of over 100,000.[18][19][20]: 26–7 
1966WolloFamine broke out in Wollo.[18]
1972–75WolloThe1972–1975 Wollo famine had a death toll ofc. 200,000.[21] This famine spread throughout northern provinces. Failure to adequately handle this crisis contributed to the fall of the Imperial government and the rise ofDerg rule.
1984–85Tigray and WolloThe1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia had a death toll of 1.2 million, leaving "400,000 refugees outside the country, 2.5 million people internally displaced, and almost 200,000 orphans."[20]: 44 [22] The majority of the dead were from Tigray and other parts of northern Ethiopia.[23]
2003A severe drought affected 13.2 million people in 2002/2003. Program data showed that thousands of adults and children died despite the large scale humanitarian response.[24] However, despite the drought being the most extensive in the country's modern history, there was a higher child mortality in drought-affected areas but no measurable increase in child mortality amongst the general population. Household-level demographic factors, household-level food and livelihood security, community-level economic production, access to potable water, and household receipt of food aid were predictive of child survival. The latter had a small but significant positive association with child survival.[24]
2021–2022TigrayDuring the Tigray War, the Ethiopian federal government blocked food and humanitarian aid from entering the region as a weaponization of hunger. This led to afamine that the Ethiopian Parliament classified, as of January 2021[update], as acrisis (phase 3)/emergency (phase 4) acute food insecurity situation in most of Tigray except for Western Tigray by theFamine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) under theIntegrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC).[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Ethiopia's drought: On the edge of disaster: The government's achievements appear increasingly precarious".The Economist. 27 Feb 2016. Retrieved15 March 2016.
  2. ^abPankhurst, Richard R. K. 1961.An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia. London: Lalibela House.
  3. ^Yohannes, Gebre Selassie.Plague as a Possible Factor for the Decline and Collapse of the Aksumite Empire: a New Interpretation(PDF). Mekelle University. p. 50.
  4. ^abStenhouse, Paul Lester, trans. 2003.The Conquest of Abyssinia. Hollywood:TSEHAI Publishers.
  5. ^abcdefPankhurst, Richard. 1966. "The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888-1892: A New Assessment."Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 21(2):95–124.JSTOR 24621531. p. 96.
    "The country's royal chronicles and other historical sources, which enable us to date events in Ethiopia much more precisely than in most other parts of Africa reveal that no fewer than twenty-three major famines occurred in the two centuries or so from 1540 to 1800, namely in 1540, 1543, 1567, 1611, 1623, 1625, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1650, 1653, 1678, 1700, 1702, 1747, 1748, 1752, 1783, 1789, 1796, 1797, and 1800."
  6. ^Trimingham, J. Spencer. 1952.Islam in Ethiopia. London: Oxford University Press. p. 94.
  7. ^abcPankhurst, Richard. 1972. "The History of Famine and Pestilence in Ethiopia Prior to the Founding of Gondär."Journal of Ethiopian Studies 10(2):37–64.JSTOR 41965857.
  8. ^Pereira, F. M. Esteves. 1900.Chronica de Susenyos, rei de Ethiopia. Lisboa.
  9. ^Levine, Donald N. 1965.Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0226475638.
  10. ^Pankhurst, Richard. 1966. "The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888-1892: A New Assessment."Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 21(2):95–124.JSTOR 24621531. p. 97.
  11. ^Guidi, I. 1905.Annales, Iohannis I, Iyasu I et Bakaffa. Louvain. p. 231.
  12. ^abcdeWeld-Blundell, Herbert. 1922.The Royal Chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769-1840. Cambridge: The University Press.
  13. ^Lamphear, John. 1988. "The People of the Grey Bull: The Origin and Expansion of the Turkana."The Journal of African History 29(1):32–33.doi:10.1017/S0021853700035970.JSTOR 182237.
  14. ^Pankhurst,Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University Press), p. 217
  15. ^Pankhurst,Economic History of Ethiopia, pp. 217-220
  16. ^Pankhurst,Economic History of Ethiopia, p. 220
  17. ^Pankhurst, Richard. 1968.Economic History of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University Press. pp. 216–22.
  18. ^abZewde, Bahru. 1991,A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855–1974. London: James Currey. p. 196.
  19. ^Mesfin Wolde Mariam.Rural Vulnerability to Famine in Ethiopia: 1958-77.ISBN 0946688036.
  20. ^abGill, Peter. 2010.Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from theoriginal on 2018-05-16.
  21. ^"Ethiopia profile - Timeline". BBC News. 12 October 2020.
  22. ^Giorgis, Dawit Wolde (1989).Dawit Wolde Giorgis, "Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia".ISBN 0932415342.
  23. ^Waal, Alexander De (1991).Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. Human Rights Watch. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-56432-038-4.
  24. ^ab"Child survival during the 2002–2003 drought in Ethiopia".
  25. ^"Continued conflict in Tigray coupled with low economic activity drives Emergency (IPC Phase 4)".Famine Early Warning Systems Network. 2021-02-10.Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved2021-02-10.

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