Extended chord

For chains of secondary dominants, seeExtended dominant.

Inmusic,extended chords are certainchords (built fromthirds) ortriads with notesextended, or added, beyond theseventh.Ninth,eleventh, andthirteenth chords are extended chords.^[2] The thirteenth is the farthest extensiondiatonically possible as, by that point, all seventonal degrees are represented within the chord (the next extension, the fifteenth, is the same as the root of the chord). In practice however, extended chords do not typically use all thechord members; when it is not altered, the fifth is often omitted, as are notes between the seventh and the highest note (i.e., the ninth is often omitted in an eleventh chord; the ninth and eleventh are usually omitted in a thirteenth chord), unless they are altered to give a special texture.^[3]^[4]

Dominant thirteenth extended chord: C–E–G–B♭–D–F–Aplay^ⓘ. Theupper structure or extensions, i.e. notes beyond the seventh, in red.

Athirteenth chord (E¹³) "collapsed" into one octave results in adissonant, seeminglysecundal^[1]tone cluster.Play^ⓘ

Chords extended beyond the seventh are rarely seen in theBaroque era, and are used more frequently in theClassical era. TheRomantic era saw greatly increased use of extended harmony. Extended harmony prior to the 20th century usually hasdominant function – as V⁹, V¹¹, and V¹³, or V⁹/V, V¹³/ii etc.^[5]

Examples of the extended chords used astonic harmonies includeWild Cherry's "Play That Funky Music" (either a dominant ninth or dominant thirteenth).^[6]

Common practice period

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During thecommon practice period of Westernclassical music, composers orchestrating chords that are voiced in four or fewer parts would select which notes to use so as to give the desiredsonority, or effect of the intended chord. Generally, priority was given to the third, seventh and the most extended tone, as these factors most strongly influence the quality and function of the chord.^[7] Theroot is never omitted from the texture. The third defines the chord's quality as major or minor. The extended note defines the quality of the extended pitch, which may be major, minor, perfect, or augmented. The seventh factor helps to define the chord as an extended chord (and not anadded note chord), and also adds to the texture. Any notes which happen to be altered, such as a flatted fifth or ninth, should also be given priority. For example: in a thirteenth chord, one would play the root, third, seventh, and thirteenth, and be able to leave out the fifth, ninth, and eleventh without affecting the function of the chord. Theeleventh chord is an exception to this voicing, in which the root, seventh, ninth, and eleventh are most commonly used.^[8]

In the classical practices of western music, extended chords most often have dominant function (dominant orsecondary dominant), and will resolve in circle progression (down a fifth) in much the same way that V⁷, V⁷/ii, V/IV, etc. might resolve to their respective tonics. Extended chords can also be altered dominants, and the extended pitch may be altered in several ways (such as V flat 13 in a major key).^[9]

Following standard voice leading rules:

Voice leading for dominant ninth chords in the common practice period.^[10]Play^ⓘ

V⁹ to I or i

The third, which will also be the seventhscale degree, always resolves upward to tonic.
The seventh resolves downwards stepwise to the third factor of the chord of resolution.
The extended pitch will resolve downward.

Voice leading for dominant eleventh chords in the common practice period.^[10]Play^ⓘ

V¹¹ to I or i

The seventh resolves downwards stepwise to the third factor of the chord of resolution.
The ninth resolves downwards stepwise to the fifth factor of the chord of resolution.
The eleventh doesn't move, and becomes the root of the chord of resolution.

Voice leading for dominant thirteenth chords in the common practice period.^[10]Play^ⓘ

V¹³ to I or i

The seventh resolves downwards stepwise to the third factor of the chord of resolution.
The third, which will also be the seventh scale degree, always resolves upward to tonic.
The thirteenth, will resolve downward to the tonic, and often includes a passing tone through the ninth factor of the chord of resolution. Less often, the thirteenth may also remain the same and become the third of the chord of resolution.

An important distinction between extended and added chords must be made, since the added tones and extended tones areenharmonic, but differ in function. Extended chords always have at least one octave between their lowest pitch, and extended note, otherwise the extended factor would be considered an added pitch. Extended chords usually must be resolved when used in a dominant function, whereas added chords are most often textures added to a tonic.

History

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Fifteenth chord discussed by Marpurg as resulting from the addition of a ninth below a (dominant) seventh chord^[11]Play^ⓘ

18th century

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In the 18th century, ninth and eleventh chords were theorized as downward extensions ofseventh chords, according to theories ofsupposition.^[12]

In 1722,Jean-Philippe Rameau first proposed the concept that ninth and eleventh chords are built from seventh chords by (the composer) placing a "supposed" bass one or two thirds below thefundamental bass or actual root of the chord.^[13] With the theoretical chord F–A–C–E–G–B the fundamental bass would be considered C, while the supposed bass would be F.^[13] Thus the notes F and A are addedbelow a seventh chord on C, C–E–G–B, triadically (in thirds). This is also referred to as the "H chord".^[14]

The theory of supposition was adopted and modified byPierre-Joseph Roussier,Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg, and other theorists.A. F. C. Kollmann, followingJohann Kirnberger, adopted a simpler approach and one closer to that prevalent today, in which Rameau's "supposed" bass is considered the fundamental and the ninth and eleventh are regarded as transient notes inessential to the structure of the chord.^[13] Thus F–A–C–E–G–B is considered a seventh chord on F, F–A–C–E, with G and B beingnonchord tones addedabove triadically.^[15]

19th century

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Chromaticism from voice leading and borrowed and extended chords from the end ofScriabin'sPreludes, Op. 48, No. 4; "though most vertical sonorities include the seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth, the basic harmonic progressions are strongly anchored to the concept of root movement by fifths."^[16]Play^ⓘ

In 19th-century classical music theseventh chord was generally the upper limit in "chordalconsonance", with ninth and eleventh chords being used for "extra power" but invariably with one or more notes treated asappoggiaturas.^[12] The thickness of complete ninth, eleventh or thirteenth chords in close position was also generally avoided through leaving out one or more tones or using wider spacing (open position).^[12]

20th century

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A diatonic fifteenth chord on B opensFranz Liszt'sOssa arida (1879), in, "a striking anticipation of twentieth-century harmonic experimentation".^[17]Play^ⓘ

In the 20th century, especially in jazz and popular music, ninth chords were used as elaborations of simpler chords, particularly as substitutes for the tonic triad at the end of a piece.^[12] The "piling up" of thirds above the tonic to make seventh, ninth, eleventh, or even thirteenth chords "is one of the most important characteristics ofjazz harmony".^[12]Vítězslav Novák's studentJaroslav Novotný (1886–1918) used a fifteenth chord in the fourth song of his 1909 song cycleEternal Marriage.^[18]

Chord structure

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Final chord ofArnold Schoenberg'sSechs kleine Klavierstücke, 2nd movement,^[19] in thirds: C–E–G–B–D♯–F♯–A♯–C

.Play^ⓘ

Building on each of the majorscale degrees the thirteenth chordchord quality that is harmonic to suchscale (i.e. with all its notes belonging to such scale), results in the following table. The numbering is relative to the scale degree numbers of themajor scale that has the major scale degree in question astonic:

Chord root	Chord quality	1	3	5	7	9	11	13
I	IM¹³	♮	♮	♮	♮	♮	♮	♮
ii	iim¹³	♮	♭	♮	♭	♮	♮	♮
iii	iiim^7♭9♭13	♮	♭	♮	♭	♭	♮	♭
IV	IVM^13♯11	♮	♮	♮	♮	♮	♯	♮
V	V¹³	♮	♮	♮	♭	♮	♮	♮
vi	vim^7♭13	♮	♭	♮	♭	♮	♮	♭
vii^o	vii^ø^7♭9♭13	♮	♭	♭	♭	♭	♮	♭

Other thirteenth chord qualities do exist but they do not belong to anymode of the major scale.

From the table it is clear that adding an eleventh or a thirteenth makes the seven chord qualities distinguishable from each other, as without an eleventh added the I and IV chord quality would be identical, and without a thirteenth added the ii and vi chord quality would be identical.

Jazz, jazz fusion and funk

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Jazz from the 1930s onward,jazz fusion from the 1970s onward andfunk all have been seen to use extended chords as a key part of their sound. In these genres, chords often include added ninths, elevenths and thirteenths as well as their altered variations. In jazz and jazz fusion, compositions consist of complexchord progressions in which many of the chords are extended chords and in which many of thedominant seventh chords arealtered extended chords (e.g., A^7add9♯11 or D^7♭9♯11). Funk also uses altered extended chords, but in this genre, pieces are usually based on a vamp on a single chord, because rhythm andgroove are the key elements of the style. When extended chords are voiced in jazz or jazz fusion, the root and fifth are often omitted from thechord voicing, because the root is played by the bass player.^[20]

References

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^Cope, David (2000).New Directions in Music. p. 6.ISBN 1-57766-108-7.
^Basic Music. Secretary of the Army. 1978.
^Latarski, Don (1982).An Introduction to Chord Theory: A Practical, Step by Step Approach to the Fundamentals of Chord Construction, Analysis, and Function. Alfred Music.ISBN 978-1-4574-6317-4.
^Schmidt-Jones, Catherine (2018-01-28).Understanding Basic Music Theory. 12th Media Services.ISBN 978-1-68092-154-0.
^Sarath, Ed (2013-07-04).Music Theory Through Improvisation: A New Approach to Musicianship Training. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-135-21527-9.
^Stephenson, Ken (2002).What to Listen for in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis. p. 83.ISBN 978-0-300-09239-4.
^"DISCOVERED CLASSICAL".Bellevue Publishing & Entertainment. Retrieved2021-05-01.
^"Common Practice Period|Piano Lessons|Piano Teaches|Piano lessons sydney".Mezzo Piano Lessons. 2013-09-24. Retrieved2021-05-01.
^"Local Harmonic Grammar in Western Classical Music"(PDF).Mozartwriteup.
^^a ^b ^cBenward, Saker (2009).Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II (8th ed.). p. 184.ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.
^Sheldon, David A. (1989). Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.).Marpurg's Thoroughbass and Composition Handbook: A Narrative Translation and Critical Study. Pendragon Press. p. 8.ISBN 9780918728555.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eSadie, Stanley, ed. (1980). "Ninth chord".The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. vol. 13, p. 252.ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
^^a ^b ^cSadie, Stanley, ed. (1980). "Supposition".The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. vol. 18, p. 373.ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
^"extended tertian harmony".music.red-carlos.com. Retrieved2021-05-01.
^Jazz Player. Dorn Publications, Incorporated. 1993.
^Cooper, Paul (1975).Perspectives in Music Theory, p.229. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company.ISBN 0-396-06752-2. Original with Roman numeral analysis only.
^Arnold, Ben, ed. (2002).The Liszt Companion. Greenwood. p. 361.ISBN 9780313306891.
^Schweiger, Dominik; Urbanek, Nikolaus (2009).webern_21. Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 45.ISBN 9783205771654.
^Shawn, Allen (2003).Arnold Schoenberg's Journey. Harvard. p. 120.ISBN 9780674011014.Technically a fifteenth chord
^"Chord Extensions 9ths, 11ths & 13ths | Extended Jazz Piano Chords".PianoGroove.com. 8 November 2016. Retrieved2021-04-23.