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Ethnic religion

For religions sometimes described as "folk religions or people faiths", seeFolk religion.
"Native religion" redirects here. For indigenous religious systems elsewhere also known as "native religion", seeIndigenous religion.

Inreligious studies, anethnic religion orethnoreligion[2] is areligion orbelief associated with notions of heredity and a particularethnicity. Ethnic religions are often distinguished fromuniversal religions, such asChristianity orIslam, which are not limited in ethnic, national or racial scope.[3]

Altar toInari Ōkami at theFushimi Inari Shrine inKyoto.Shinto is the ethnic religion of theJapanese people.[1]

Terminology

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A number of alternative terms have been used instead ofethnic religion. Another term that is often used isfolk religion. Whileethnic religion andfolk religion have overlapping uses, the latter term implies "the appropriation of religious beliefs and practices at a popular level."[4] The termfolk religion can therefore be used to speak of certainChinese andAfrican religions, but can also refer to popular expressions of more multi-national and institutionalized religions such asFolk Christianity orFolk Islam.[5][6]

In Western contexts, a variety of terms are also employed. In the United States and Canada, a popular alternative term has beennature religion.[7] Some neopagan movements, especially in Europe, have adoptedethnic religion as their preferred term, aligning themselves withethnology. This notably includes theEuropean Congress of Ethnic Religions,[8] which chose its name after a day-long discussion in 1998, where the majority of the participants expressed thatpagan contained too many negative connotations andethnic better described the root of their traditions in particular nations. In the English-language popular and scholarly discoursePaganism, with a capital P, has become an accepted term.[9]

Usage

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Ethnic religions are defined as religions which are related to a particular ethnic group, and often seen as a defining part of that ethnicity's culture, language, and customs.Diasporic groups often maintain ethnic religions as a means of maintaining a distinct ethnic identity such as the role ofAfrican traditional religion andAfrican diaspora religions among theAfrican diaspora in the Americas.[10]

Some ancient ethnic religions, such as those historically found in pre-modern Europe, have found new vitality inneopaganism.[11] Moreover, non-ethnic religions, such asChristianity, have been known to assume ethnic traits to an extent that they serve a role as an important ethnic identity marker,[12] a notable example of this is the Serbian "Saint-Savianism" of theSerbian Orthodox Church,[13] and the religious and cultural heritage ofSyriac Christianity branch of theAssyrian people.[14][15][16]

List of ethnic religions

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Hardacre, Helen (2017).Shinto: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4.ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.
  2. ^Anckar, Carsten (29 November 2021).Religion and Democracy: A Worldwide Comparison. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-000-47552-4.
  3. ^Park, Chris C. (1994).Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion. Routledge. p. 38.ISBN 9780415090124.Archived from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved2021-12-28.
  4. ^Bowker, John (2000). "Folk Religion".The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-191-72722-1.
  5. ^Rock, Stella (2007).Popular religion in Russia. RoutledgeISBN 0-415-31771-1, p. 11. Last accessed July 2009.
  6. ^Cook, Chris (2009).Spirituality and Psychiatry.RCPsych Publications. p. 242.ISBN 978-1-904671-71-8.
  7. ^Strmiska, Michael F. (2005).Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives.ABC-CLIO. pp. 15–16, 276.ISBN 9781851096084.
  8. ^Strmiska 2005, p. 14.
  9. ^Ivakhiv, Adrian (2005)."In Search of Deeper Identities: Neopaganism and "Native Faith" in Contemporary Ukraine"(PDF).Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions.8 (3): 30.doi:10.1525/nr.2005.8.3.7.JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2005.8.3.7.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved2019-06-29.
  10. ^Oduah, Chika (19 October 2011)."Are blacks abandoning Christianity for African faiths?".theGrio.Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved27 May 2016.
  11. ^Lewis, James R. (2004).The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-195-36964-9.
  12. ^Chong, Kelly H. (1997). "What It Means to Be Christian: The Role of Religion in the Construction of Ethnic Identity and Boundary Among Second- Generation Korean Americans".Sociology of Religion.59 (3):259–286.doi:10.2307/3711911.JSTOR 3711911.
  13. ^Martensson, Ulrika; Bailey, Jennifer; Ringrose, Priscilla; Dyrendal, Asbjorn (15 August 2011).Fundamentalism in the Modern World Vol 1: Fundamentalism, Politics and History: The State, Globalisation and Political Ideologies. I. B.Tauris.ISBN 9781848853300.Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved17 October 2020 – via Google Books.
  14. ^Pierre Ameer, John (2008).Assyrians in Yonkers: Reminiscences of a Community: Harvard College Library Assyrian collection. University of Michigan Press. p. 125.ISBN 9781593337452.
  15. ^Minahan, James (2002).Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206.ISBN 9780313321092.
  16. ^L. Danver, Steven (2002).Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 517.ISBN 9781317464006.
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