Erode | |
|---|---|
City | |
     From top, left to right:Kaveri river,District collectorate,Erode Junction railway station, Meenakshi Sundaranar Salai andThindal Murugan Temple | |
| Nicknames: Turmeric city Textile city | |
  Erode Location in Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Coordinates:11°20′27.2″N77°43′01.6″E / 11.340889°N 77.717111°E /11.340889; 77.717111 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Erode |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Erode Municipal Corporation |
| • Mayor | S. Nagarathinam (DMK) |
| Area | |
• City | 109.52 km2 (42.29 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 175.3[1] m (575 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• City | 157,101 |
| • Rank | 7th in Tamil Nadu |
| • Metro | 521,776 |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Tamil,English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 6380xx |
| Telephone code | 91 (424) |
| Vehicle registration | TN 33 (East), TN 86 (West) |
| GDP (2020) | US$4.70 (equivalent to $5.85 in 2025) billion[2] |
| Website | erodecorporation |
Erode (Tamil:[iːɾoːɽɯ]; īrōṭu), is a city in theIndian state ofTamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of theKaveri river and is surrounded by theWestern Ghats. It is theseventh largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative capital ofErode district and is administered by theErode Municipal Corporation which was established in 2008.
Erode formed part of theKongu Nadu region ruled by theCheras during theSangam period between the 1st and the 4th centuries CE. Themedieval Cholas conquered the region in the 10th century CE. The region was ruled byVijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by theNayaks who introduced thePolygar system. In the later part of the 18th century, the it came under theKingdom of Mysore and following theAnglo-Mysore Wars, theBritish East India Company annexed it to theMadras Presidency in 1799. The region played a prominent role in the secondPoligar War (1801) when it was the area of operations ofDheeran Chinnamalai.
PostIndian Independence in 1947, Erode was part ofCoimbatore district. It was established as the capital of the newly formed Erode district in 1979. It forms part ofErode Lok Sabha constituency that elects itsmember of parliament. The city is a major agricultural, industrial and educational hub. It is amongst the largest producers ofturmeric in the state andErode Turmeric is recognized as aGeographical Indication by theGovernment of India. The textile boom in the early 20th century and rapid growth due to industrialization has seen Erode becoming a major producer ofhandloom andknitwear.
There are two theories regarding the origin of the name Erode. It might have its origin in theTamil phraseEeru Odai meaningtwo streams based on the water coursesPerumpallam andPichaikaranpallam canals.[3] Alternatively, it might have been derived from the Tamil phraseEera Odu meaning 'wet skull', based on the temple ofShiva in the city and themythology associated with it.[4][5][6]
DuringSangam period, the region formed a part of theKongu Nadu region ruled byCheras and then byKalabhras. The region came under thePandyas around 590CE. Afterward, it was ruled byRashtrakutas and byCholas from the 10th to early 13th century. Erode was annexed byVijayanagara Empire in 1378 CE till 1559 CE. After the Vijayanagara Empire fell in the 17th century, theMadurai Nayaks established their state as an independent kingdom introducing thePalayakkarar system.[7] Erode became a part of the HinduWodeyar-ruledMysore Kingdom in the early 1700s CE before coming under the control of theBritish East India Company withMaharaja of Mysore still as a nominal ruler. Erode remained underBritish Colonial rule until the Indian independence in 1947.[8][9]
Erode has asemi-arid climate with hot to sweltering temperatures throughout the year and relatively low rainfall. Temperatures range from 27 to 36 °C (80–96 °F) with an average rainfall of 543 millimetres (21.4 in). Like the rest of Tamil Nadu, March to June are the hottest and December to January the mildest months of the year. Becausethe Southwest monsoon (June to August) brings scanty rainfall, the bulk of Erode's rainfall is received duringthe Northeast monsoon in October and November. The city covers an area of 8.44 km2 (3.26 sq mi).[10]
| Climate data for Erode (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) | 37.2 (99.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 41.8 (107.2) | 42.0 (107.6) | 39.0 (102.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.6 (103.3) | 38.6 (101.5) | 36.2 (97.2) | 35.6 (96.1) | 42.8 (109.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.7 (90.9) | 34.5 (94.1) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.8 (100.0) | 38.1 (100.6) | 37.1 (98.8) | 36.1 (97.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.3 (95.5) | 33.2 (91.8) | 31.5 (88.7) | 31.4 (88.5) | 35.0 (95.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.4 (68.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.1 (71.8) | 21.5 (70.7) | 20.7 (69.3) | 22.1 (71.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 17.6 (63.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 13.0 (55.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.6 (0.06) | 5.4 (0.21) | 12.5 (0.49) | 46.4 (1.83) | 84.6 (3.33) | 15.1 (0.59) | 19.7 (0.78) | 71.3 (2.81) | 66.5 (2.62) | 146.0 (5.75) | 118.6 (4.67) | 18.7 (0.74) | 606.5 (23.88) |
| Average rainy days | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 2.3 | 36.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 56 | 45 | 46 | 49 | 54 | 53 | 57 | 58 | 57 | 65 | 69 | 63 | 56 |
| Source:India Meteorological Department[11][12] | |||||||||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 15,529 | — |
| 1911 | 16,701 | +7.5% |
| 1921 | 22,911 | +37.2% |
| 1931 | 33,672 | +47.0% |
| 1941 | 39,483 | +17.3% |
| 1951 | 57,576 | +45.8% |
| 1961 | 73,762 | +28.1% |
| 1971 | 105,111 | +42.5% |
| 1981 | 142,252 | +35.3% |
| 1991 | 159,232 | +11.9% |
| 2001 | 173,600 | +9.0% |
| 2011 | 498,129 | +186.9% |
| Sources: | ||
| Religion | Percent(%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hindu | 83.15% | |||
| Islam | 12.37% | |||
| Christianity | 3.94% | |||
As of 2011, Erode has 521,776[16] in population with a sex-ratio of 996, above the national average of 929. A literacy rate of 85% compares favorably to the national average of 73%.[16] The city had 43,184 households, withScheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounting for 11% and 0.15% of the population respectively. Of its 66,135 workers, 61,382 are classified as other workers and the rest in agriculture and household industries.[17] As per the 2011 census,Hinduism was the majority religion with 83% adherents followed byIslam (12%) andChristianity (4%).[15]Tamil is the major spoken language in the city.[18]
The economy of Erode is dependent majorly onagriculture andtextiles. It is a major textile hub specializing inhandloom andknitwear.[19][20] Erode is among the largest producers ofturmeric in the state.[21][22]Erode Turmeric is recognized as aGeographical Indication by theGovernment of India.[23] Several food processing industries andpoultry farms operate in and around the city.[24] It is one of the largest markets forcoconut andcoconut oil in South India.[25]
TheGDP of Erode district grew at 15.5% in 2008 ahead of the state'sGDP growth by 4%.[26] According toIndian Census of 2001, urbanworkforce participation rate for Erode is 35% with growth insecondary andtertiary sectors and a corresponding decrease in theprimary sector. Major employment is provided bytextile industry,turmeric industry and oil andrice mills with 69% of its workforce employed in tertiary sector. Nethaji Market is a wholesale, and retail central market for vegetables and fruits with plans to establish a new wholesale market in the outskirts of the city.[27][28]
| Administration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayor | S. Nagarathinam[29] | |||
| Commissioner | V. Sivakrishnamurthy[30] | |||
| Member of Parliament | K. E. Prakash[31] | |||
| Member of Legislative Assembly | S. Muthusamy (Erode West)[32] | |||
| Member of Legislative Assembly | V. C. Chandrakumar (Erode East)[33] | |||
Erode is the headquarters ofErode District which was bifurcated fromCoimbatore District in 1979.[34] The city is administered byErode Municipal Corporation. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1871, promoted to special-grade during 1980 and upgraded as a corporation in 2008.[35] The city is sub-divided into 60 wards represented by elected councillors, who form part of the city council headed by a mayor.[36] The functions of the corporation are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[37]
Law and order is maintained by Erode sub division ofTamil Nadu Police headed by aDeputy Superintendent of Police. There are seven police stations located atKarungalpalayam, Bazaar,Surampatti,Veerappanchatram, Rangampalayam,Chithode and Government hospital. There are special units like armed reserve, prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch.[38] Erode has two state assembly constituencies namelyErode East andErode West, which elect members to theTamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and forms part of theErode Lok Sabha constituency that elects its member to theIndian Parliament.[39]
Electricity supply is regulated and distributed byTamil Nadu Electricity Board. The city along with its suburbs form a part of Erode Electricity Distribution Circle, headed by a chief distribution engineer.[40] Water supply is provided by Erode Municipality, and is drawn from theKaveri river and stored across eight reservoirs. For 2000–01, 14 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.[41] About 110-125 metric tonnes of solid waste were processed by the sanitary department in 2011.[42] As there is no undergrounddrainage system, disposal ofsullage is throughseptic tanks,open drains and public conveniences[43] with its 192 km (119 mi) ofstorm water drains.[44] Government General Hospital serves as primary center of healthcare with several private hospitals providing supporting care.[45] As of 2011, municipality maintained 4,678street lamps.[46] The corporation operates two vegetable markets and a textile market.[47]
As of 2006, there were 46public andprivate schools with four technical institutes. These include government run schools, schools funded by the government (aided schools) and private schools. These schools come under the purview of the Erode education district and follow Tamil Nadu Anglo Indian School Board, Tamil Nadu State Board, Matriculation orCBSE syllabus. There are four playgrounds in the city.[48]
Erode maintains 102 km (63 mi) oflocal roads with 5 km (3.1 mi) ofconcrete and restbituminous. Additionally, 16.6 km (10.3 mi) ofstate highways is maintained byState Highways Department.[49]NH 544 connectingSalem andCoimbatore bypasses the city and the National HighwayNH 381A and NH 544H pass through the city. TheTamil Nadu State Transport Corporation has a sub-divisional headquarters at Erode (jeeva) under the Coimbatore division.Erode Central Bus Terminus, is the second Largest main bus station complex for Tamil NaduState Express Transport Corporation and is well connected with the major cities in Tamil Nadu and neighboring states. Private carriers operate long-distance buses connecting to major cities likeChennai,Bangalore etc.[50][51] The main arterial roads include:
Erode Junction railway station is a major rail junction inSalem division ofSouthern Railway with adiesel locomotive shed and anelectric locomotive shed attached. It also serves as a hub for water filling facilities, food provisions and cleaning services for long-distance trains that run via Erode.[52] The following are the lines running from Erode junction:
| Line No. | Towards | Passing Through Station | Type / Track |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Salem Junction | Sankagiri | Broad, Electrified – Double Track[53] |
| 2 | Coimbatore Junction | Tiruppur | Broad, Electrified – Double Track[54] |
| 3 | Trichy Junction | Karur | Broad, Electrified - Single Track[55] |
The nearest airport to Erode isSalem Airport at a distance of 84 km (52 mi) which is connected to and from Chennai. The major international airport isCoimbatore International Airport at a distance of 91 km (57 mi) with regular flights to domestic destinations and select international destinations includingAbu Dhabi,Sharjah andSingapore.[56]
TheThindal Murugan Temple, situated 6 km (3.7 mi) from the city center,Periya Mariamman Temple, andNatadreeswarar Temple, are prominent religious destinations in the city. While the city was built around a demolished fort, a temple for Arudra Kabaleeswar (Shiva) praising theSaiva and one for Kasthuri Ranganatha Perumal (Vishnu) praising theVaishnava aspects ofHinduism were built. The E.V.R. Museum,Vellode Bird Sanctuary, and Thanthai Periyar Memorial House, the former residence ofPeriyar E. V. Ramasamy, who was born in the city, are other major attractions.[57][58]CSI Brough Memorial Church, located on Meenatchi Sundaranar Road was consecrated in 1933 by Antony Watson Brough (1861 -1936), an Australian missionary.[59]
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