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Emmanuel Chabrier

This article is about the composer and pianist. For other people of the same name, seeChabrier (surname).

Alexis-Emmanuel Chabrier (French:[ɛmanɥɛlʃabʁie]; 18 January 1841 – 13 September 1894) was a FrenchRomantic composer and pianist. Hisbourgeois family did not approve of a musical career for him, and he studied law in Paris and then worked as a civil servant until the age of thirty-nine while immersing himself in the modernist artistic life of the French capital and composing in his spare time. From 1880 until his final illness he was a full-time composer.

head and shoulders photograph of middle-aged white man with short beard and moustache
Chabrier in 1882

Although known primarily for two of his orchestral works,España andJoyeuse marche, Chabrier left acorpus of operas (includingL'étoile), songs, and piano music, but no symphonies, concertos, quartets, sonatas, or religious or liturgical music. His lack of academic training left him free to create his own musical language, unaffected by established rules, and he was regarded by many later composers as an important innovator and a catalyst who paved the way for French modernism. He was admired by, and influenced, composers as diverse asDebussy,Ravel,Richard Strauss,Satie,Stravinsky, and the group of composers known asLes Six. Writing at a time when French musicians were generally proponents or opponents of the music ofWagner, Chabrier steered a middle course, sometimes incorporating Wagnerian traits into his music and at other times avoiding them.

Chabrier was associated with some of the leading writers and painters of his time. Among his closest friends was the painterÉdouard Manet, and Chabrier collectedImpressionist paintings long before they became fashionable. A number of such paintings from his personal collection by artists known to him are now housed in some of the world's leading art museums. He penned a large number of letters to friends and colleagues which offer an insight into his musical opinions and character.

Chabrier died in Paris at the age of fifty-three from a neurological disease, probably caused bysyphilis.

Life

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Early years

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Chabrier's birthplace inAmbert

Chabrier was born inAmbert, (Puy-de-Dôme), a town in theAuvergne region of central France.[1] He was the only son of a lawyer, Jean Chabrier, and his wife, Marie-Anne-Evelina,née Durosay or Durozay.[2][3] The Chabriers were of old Auvergne stock, originally of peasant origin (the surname comes from "chevrier" – goat-herd), but in recent generations merchants and lawyers had predominated in the family.[4] A key member of the household was the boy's nanny Anne Delayre (whom he called "Nanine" and "Nanon"), who remained close to him throughout her life.[4][n 1]

Chabrier began taking music lessons at the age of six; his early teachers were from cosmopolitan backgrounds: at Ambert he studied with aCarlist Spanish refugee called Saporta, and after the family moved toClermont-Ferrand in 1852 he studied at the Lycée imperial with a Polish musician, Alexander Tarnovsky .[4] The earliest of Chabrier's compositions to survive in manuscript are piano works from 1849.[1] A piano piece,Le Scalp!!! (1856) was later modified into theMarche des Cipayes (1863). The first piece to which the composer gave an opus number was a waltz for piano,Julia, op. 1, 1857.[1]

Tarnovsky advised Chabrier's parents that their son was talented enough to pursue a musical career, but Jean Chabrier was determined that his son should follow him into the legal profession.[6] He moved the family to Paris in 1856, so that Chabrier could enrol at theLycée Saint-Louis.[2] From there Chabrier went on to law school, but did not neglect music, continuing his studies in composition, violin and piano.[7] After graduating from the law school in 1861 he joined the French civil service at theMinistry of the Interior, where he worked for nineteen years.[1]

Paris: dual harness

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Chabrier was well regarded at the ministry,[1] but his passion was music, to which he devoted his free time. He continued his studies, with teachers including Edouard Wolff (de) (piano), Richard Hammer (violin), Théophile Semet (fr) andAristide Hignard (both composition).[8] In a study of the composer published in 1935Jacques-Gabriel Prod'homme commented that it would be wrong to class Chabrier as merely an amateur in this period: "For, while in quest of the technique of his art, he displayed a curiosity in the painting and literature of the 'modernists' of his day that, among musicians, had few parallels."[9]

From 1862 Chabrier was among the circle of theParnassians in Paris. Among his friends wereAuguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam andPaul Verlaine; with the latter he planned a comic opera in the fashionable style ofOffenbach,Vaucochard et fils Ier. He did not complete it, but four fragments (dating from about 1864 or 1865) have survived. His full-time official post severely restricted Chabrier's ability to compose large-scale works. He began an opera on aHungarian historical theme entitledJean Hunyade, to a libretto byHenry Fouquier, but abandoned it, after completing four numbers, in 1867.[7] In December 1872 he scored a success at a private theatre club, the Cercle de l'union artistique with a three-act opérette bouffeLe Service obligatoire written in collaboration with two other composers, and which according toVictorin de Joncières was acclaimed by the audience as undoubted proof of Chabrier's talent.[10] Another attempt at operatic comedy,Fisch-Ton-Kan, with Verlaine and Lucien Viotti, was performed in March 1875 at the same club with Chabrier at the piano; five fragments survive.[9][n 2] He did not set any poems by Villiers de L'Isle Adam or Verlaine, although the latter wrote a sonnetÀ Emmanuel Chabrier (published inAmour, 1888) as a remembrance of their friendship.[11]

 
Chabrier byÉdouard Detaille (1873)

There are several descriptions of Chabrier's piano-playing at around this time; many years later the composerVincent d'Indy wrote, "Though his arms were too short, his fingers too thick and his whole manner somewhat clumsy, he managed to achieve a degree of finesse and a command of expression that very few pianists – with the exception ofLiszt andRubinstein – have surpassed."[12] The composer and criticAlfred Bruneau said of Chabrier, "he played the piano as no one has ever played it before, or ever will…"[13] The wife of the painterRenoir, a friend of the composer, wrote:

One day Chabrier came; and he played hisEspaña for me. It sounded as if a hurricane had been let loose. He pounded and pounded the keyboard. [The street] was full of people, and they were listening, fascinated. When Chabrier reached the last crashing chords, I swore to myself I would never touch the piano again […] Besides, Chabrier had broken severalstrings and put the piano out of action."[14]

Both Chabrier's parents died within the space of eight days in 1869.[15] During theFranco-Prussian War (1870–1871) andCommune, he continued in his official post as the ministry moved fromTours toBordeaux then toVersailles. In 1873 he married Marie Alice Dejean, the granddaughter of Louis Dejean, who had gained his fortune as founder and manager of theCirque d'été and theCirque Napoléon.[16] Alice and Chabrier had three sons, one of whom died at birth.[15][17][18] Chabrier's friends in Paris included the composersGabriel Fauré,Ernest Chausson, and Vincent d'Indy;[19] painters includingHenri Fantin-Latour,Edgar Degas andÉdouard Manet, whose Thursday soirées Chabrier attended; and writers such asÉmile Zola,Alphonse Daudet,Jean Moréas,Jean Richepin andStéphane Mallarmé.[20]

During the 1870s Chabrier began several stage works. The first to be completed was a three-act opéra-bouffeL'étoile (The Star), commissioned by theBouffes-Parisiens, the spiritual home of Offenbach. He secured the commission through his many contacts in the world of arts and letters: he had met the librettists,Albert Vanloo andEugène Leterrier through the painter Alphonse Hirsch, whom he had got to know as a member of Manet's set.[21] The opera was modestly successful, running for 48 performances in 1877, but was not revived in his lifetime.[n 3] Nonetheless, it brought him to the attention of the press and attracted the publishing firm Enoch & Costallat, who published his works during the rest of his life.[1] Above all, as a result of L'étoile he ceased to be regarded as a talented amateur.[22] The same year Saint-Saens gave the first public performance of his 1865 Impromptu,[23] his first piano piece of real importance with his personal stamp of originality.[24]

Full-time composer

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Chabrier, 1880, byManet,Ordrupgaard Museum, Denmark

Like many progressively-minded French composers of the time, Chabrier was greatly interested in the music ofWagner. As a young man he had copied out the full score ofTannhäuser to gain an insight into the composer's creative process.[1] On a trip toMunich withHenri Duparc and others in March 1880, Chabrier first saw Wagner's operaTristan und Isolde; he wrote to the personnel director at the ministry saying he had to go to Bordeaux on private matters, but in confidence confessed that for ten years he had wanted to see and hear Wagner's opera, and promised that he would back at his desk the following Wednesday.[25] D'Indy, who was among the group, recorded that Chabrier was moved to tears at hearing the music, saying of the prelude, "I have waited ten years of my life to hear that A in the cellos".[26]

This event led Chabrier to conclude that he must single-mindedly pursue his vocation as a composer, and after several periods of absence he left the Ministry of the Interior in late 1880. In a 2001 study, Steven Huebner writes that there may have been additional factors in Chabrier's decision: "the growing momentum of his musical career … his high hopes for theGwendoline project, and the first signs of a nervous disorder, probably the result of a syphilitic condition, that would claim his life 14 years later."[1]

The project to which Huebner refers was the operatic tragedyGwendoline, on which Chabrier had begun working in 1879.[27] The librettist wasCatulle Mendès, described by the pianist and scholarGraham Johnson as "a relentlessly ambitious member of the literary establishment".[28] Mendès wrote texts that were set by at least seven French composers, including Fauré,Massenet,Debussy andMessager; none of his operatic works were successful, and Johnson rates the libretto forGwendoline as "catastrophic".[28] Chabrier worked on the piece until 1885.[7]

The conductorCharles Lamoureux appointed Chabrier as hischorus master andrépétiteur, and included his music in theLamoureux Orchestra's concerts. In 1881 Chabrier's piano cyclePièces pittoresques was premiered.César Franck commented, "We have just heard something extraordinary: this music links our time with that ofCouperin andRameau".[29] Chabrier travelled to London (1882) and Brussels (1883) to hear Wagner'sRing cycle,[30] and in 1882 Chabrier and his wife visited Spain, which resulted in his most famous work,España (1883), a mixture of popular airs he had heard and his own original themes. It was premiered under its dedicatee, Lamoureux, in November 1883. It met with what Poulenc calls "immediate and rapturous success", made Chabrier's reputation, and by public demand received multiple performances over the next months.[31] Admirers includedde Falla, who stated that he did not think any Spanish composer had succeeded in achieving so genuine a version of thejota as in the piece,[32]

TheParis Opéra declined to presentGwendoline, which was premiered atLa Monnaie in Brussels underHenry Verdhurdt in 1886. It was well received, but closed after two performances because theimpresario went bankrupt.William Mann wrote of the music that "in full, rapturous cognizance of mature Wagner", Chabrier composed "great music ...such as the long solo and choral ensemble, 'Soyez unis', and all the love duet music, and there is more Frenchman than Wagner in them, above all in the final Liebestod".[33]

While striving for a staging of his opera Chabrier was also working on some of his mature songs – Sommation irrespectueuse, Tes yeux bleus, Chanson pour Jeanne, Lied, as well as a lyric scene for mezzo, women's chorus and orchestraLa Sulamite and the piano version of theJoyeuse Marche. He then found a new lyric project to tackle –Le roi malgré lui (The King in Spite of Himself) – and completed the score in six months. It was premiered at theOpéra-Comique in Paris, and a favourable reception seemed to promise a successful run, but the theatre burned down after the third performance.[34] Through Chabrier's friendship with the Belgian tenorErnest van Dyck and subsequently the conductorFelix Mottl, directors of opera houses inLeipzig and Munich expressed interest in both works and Chabrier made several happy trips to Germany as a result; his works were given in seven German cities.[35] In July 1888 he was appointed as aChevalier de la Légion d'honneur.[36]

Chabrier left a rich and exuberant body of correspondence; Myers sees the "letter-writer's gift of spontaneous self-expression, with no undertones of insincerity or of writing for effect".[37] He expressed himself in "Rabelaisian language" and "laced with a profusion of racy slang".[38] In 1994 the musical scholarRoger Delage, with Frans Durif and Thierry Bodin, produced a 1,300 page edition of the composer's correspondence, containing 1,149 letters, ranging from those to his family and Nanine, exchanges with contemporary friends in the musical world (sometimes with musical quotations),[39] negotiations with publishers, and one a commiseration with his son André on the death of his pet bird (with gentle reproach for having over-fed the creature).[40]

Decline and final years

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Chabrier's tomb, Montparnasse cemetery (division 9), Paris.

In his final years, Chabrier was troubled by financial problems caused by the collapse of his bankers, failing health brought on by the terminal stage ofsyphilis, and depression about the neglect of his stage works in France. The death of his beloved "Nanine" in January 1891 greatly affected him. In 1892, he wrote to his friendCharles Lecocq, "Never has an artist more loved, more tried to honour music than me, none has suffered more from it; and I will go on suffering from it for ever".[n 4] He became obsessed with the composition of his final operaBriséïs, which was inspired by a tragedy ofGoethe and has melodic echoes of Wagner; he completed only one act. The Paris première ofGwendoline, finally took place in December 1893. The composer, ailing physically and mentally, sitting in astage box with his family, enjoyed the music but did not realise he had written it, nor did he understand that the applause was for him.[43]

Chabrier succumbed togeneral paresis in the last year of his life and died in Paris at the age of 53.[1] Although he had asked to be buried near the tomb of Manet in theCimetière de Passy, a plot was not available and he was interred in theCimetière du Montparnasse.[44] His widow and children also suffered from probable infection: she had severe eye problems, becoming almost blind, and, after Chabrier's death, became paraplegic, dying aged 51; the eldest son, Marcel, died at 35 having also displayed related symptoms, and the second son, Charles, died after only five weeks, the youngest, André, also became paraplegic and died also aged 35.[45]

Works

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Vincent d'Indy called Chabrier "that great primitive ... a very great artist".[46] InThe Oxford Companion to Music (2011),Denis Arnold andRoger Nichols write that Chabrier's lack of a formal musical education at one of the major conservatoires allowed him the freedom to "bypass the normal paths of French music of the 1860s, and to explore a new harmonic idiom and especially a novel way of writing for the piano".[47] Chabrier's musical language introduced several striking features. Among them, Huebner singles out a liking for melodies of wide range with large leaps from one note to the next; frequent doubling of melodies by the bass or inoctaves; a mixture of orthodox and unorthodoxchromatic decoration; and frequent use ofcross-rhythms andsyncopation.[1] Chabrier is reported to have said, "My music rings with the stamp of my Auvergnat clogs", and the pianist and scholarRoy Howat points to examples of this in fast stamping rhythms in theBourrée fantasque, theJoyeuse marche and several of thePièces pittoresques.[48]

Orchestral

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1890 edition ofJoyeuse marche

Duparc and Ravel both had reservations about Chabrier's skills as an orchestrator in his early works; Poulenc disagreed, feeling that Chabrier was a master of orchestration from an early stage.[49] Poulenc wrote, "The fact that Chabrier always composed at the piano – as did Debussy and Stravinsky – did not prevent him from finding a rare orchestral colour: a unique achievement at a time when Franck, d'Indy and Saint-Saëns hardly ever emerged from well-worn paths".[49]

The work for which Chabrier is best known is his rhapsodyEspaña, which became popular internationally (except in Spain, where it was not a success).[n 5] The rhythmic verve ofEspaña is found also in theJoyeuse marche, which goes further in orchestral invention.[36] Not all of Chabrier's orchestral pieces are in this exuberant vein: hisLamento (1874), unpublished in his lifetime, is an unusually poignant work.[51]

A few of Chabrier's piano works were later orchestrated. The composer arranged the four movements of theSuite pastorale from the tenPièces pittoresques. Chabrier began an orchestration ofBourrée fantasque in 1891 (completed in 1994 by Robin Holloway) but his friend and champion Felix Mottl orchestrated it in 1898, proving popular; he did the same forTrois valses romantiques in 1900, and in 1917–18 Ravel arranged the "Menuet pompeux" from thePièces pittoresques.[1]

Stage works

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Chabrier's ebullient orchestral works have always been popular with the public and critics, but there is less agreement about his serious stage works, and in particular the influence of the music of Wagner. For some critics, the Wagnerian ethos and French sensibilities are simply incompatible, and consequently much of the music ofGwendoline andBriséïs has been denigrated; others have argued that Chabrier so transformed his influences that the music does not sound especially Wagnerian.[1] Huebner puts the truth somewhere between the two, noting Wagner's influence in the similarities betweenGwendoline andThe Flying Dutchman andTristan and Isolde, but noting Chabrier's "un-Wagnerian concision", the retention of conventional self-contained numbers, and Chabrier's recognisable melodic and instrumental characteristics.[1] He suggests that preoccupation with supposed derivativeness has deprived the repertory of works such asGwendoline "with substantial musical and dramatic interest".[52][n 6]

 
Scene from first Paris production ofGwendoline, 1893

L'etoile, anopéra bouffe in three acts (1877) was Chabrier's first modestly successful opera, and is the most often revived.[53] Although the plot was described by a reviewer in 2016 as "wilfully unfathomable and illogical", the libretto was professional and polished, in contrast with other libretti set by Chabrier.[54] The criticElizabeth Forbes calls the score, "light as thistle-down … in the best tradition of Offenbachian opéra bouffe, with each singer perfectly characterized in his or her music".[55]

Une éducation manquée (An Incomplete Education), a one-actopérette about a young couple seeking essential advice on their wedding night, received a single private performance in 1879, and was not performed in public until 1913. Forbes wrote in 1992, "Why this charming little work had to wait so many years for a public performance remains a total mystery. The subject is treated with the greatest delicacy… Musically, the piece is quite enchanting, in particular the central duet for the two high voices, while the bass has a fine comic number."[56]

Chabrier's only completed serious opera wasGwendoline, composed between 1879 and 1885 and premiered in 1886. Mendès's libretto was a liability:Henri Büsser commented that it lacked the verve and movement the composer needed;[57][n 7] Poulenc was dismissive of "Mendès' ineptitudes … balderdash";[58] and another critic wrote in 1996, "Mendes's dramaturgy is not only painfully thin but takes a long time to get under way".[59] Arnold and Nichols comment that the work is considerably less Wagnerian than has often been supposed: "certainly the modal, asymmetrical, loosely articulated theme of the overture is individual to a degree".[47] The music satisfied neither the pro- nor anti-Wagner lobby: Chabrier commented, "Thewagnérien calls me a reactionary and the bourgeois considers me awagnérien".[60] The opera has been revived from time to time, but has not gained a regular place in the international repertory.[53]

Arnold and Nichols write that some of Chabrier's best music went into his comic operaLe Roi malgré lui (Opéra-Comique, 1887), "but unfortunately the work is saddled with one of the most complex and incomprehensible librettos of all time".[47] Ravel so loved the piece that he said he would rather have written it than Wagner'sRing cycle; reviewing a rare revival in 2003 the criticEdward Greenfield commented that despite the plot, the music made one see Ravel's point.[61] After the same production, the criticRupert Christiansen wrote, "Le Roi malgre lui doesn't know whether it's aCarry On farce by Offenbach or a nationalist epic by Wagner. Perhaps "grand operetta" is the best way of describing this problem piece".[62]

Chabrier's last opera wasBriséïs, to another libretto by Mendès. Mortally ill, Chabrier could only complete the first of the projected three acts, and the remaining sketches were too inconclusive for any of his colleagues to attempt a completion.[63] It was to have been a romantic tragedy, set in Corinth during time of the Roman Empire. The existing act is rarely staged, but a recording of a concert performance in 1994 has been issued on CD.[63] Poulenc was unimpressed by the libretto, but Messager thought the music ofBriséïs showed what heights Chabrier might have reached had he lived.[64]

Piano

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Although the piano works are not the best known part of Chabrier's oeuvre, Poulenc put the cycle Pièces pittoresques on a par with Debussy'sPreludes in its importance for French music.[65][n 8] In his introduction to a 1995 edition of the piano works, Howat writes that it was Chabrier, more than any other composer, who restored to French music "the essential French traits of clarity, emotional vitality, wit and tenderness" when other French composers were under the influence of Wagner or of dry academicism.[65]

Chabrier's early works were for piano solo, and in addition to a small corpus of about twenty completed mature works, some juvenilia have survived. Most of the piano pieces were published in the composer's lifetime, but five completed works and the unfinishedCapriccio (1883) were issued posthumously.[67][n 9]

Some of the mature works are better known in their later orchestral versions, including theJoyeuse marche and the four numbers from thePièces pittoresques that make up theSuite pastorale. The trip to Spain that inspiredEspaña also gave Chabrier the material for aHabanera (1885) which became one of his most popular piano works.[67]

Among Chabrier's works for four hands isSouvenirs de Munich. Although Wagner'sTristan und Isolde had made a deep impression on him, his irreverent nature led him to arrange five themes from the opera into a comicquadrille. Poulenc called it "irresistibly funny … Tristan's principal themes with false noses and added beards."[69][n 10]

Vincent d'Indy wrote, after studying theTrois valses romantiques and playing them with the composer: "I thus worked on these three waltzescon amore, doing my best to perform all the indications marked with the greatest precision... and there are many of them! In rehearsal, which was at Pleyel's, Chabrier stopped me dead in the midst of the first waltz, and, addressing me a look that was both amazed and arch, said: "But my dear boy it's not that at all!..." And, as not quite knowing how to react, I asked for explanations, he retorted: "You play that as if it were music by a Member of the Institute!..." And then I had a marvellous lesson in playingalla Chabrier; contrary accents, pianissimi to the point of extinction, sudden fire-crackers bursting out in the middle of the most exquisite softness, and also indispensable gesturing, giving over the body, too, to the intention of the music".[71]

Chabrier was an important influence on Debussy, as he was later on Ravel and Poulenc;[72] Howat has written that Chabrier's piano music such as "Sous-bois" and "Mauresque" in thePièces pittoresques explored new sound-worlds of which Debussy made effective use 30 years later.[73]

Songs

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There areforty-three published songs by Chabrier. He began writing songs –mélodies – when he was about twenty-one; the first nine were written between 1862 and 1866. Johnson comments that it is strange that in all his songs Chabrier never set anything by his friend Verlaine, but among the well-known poets whose verse Chabrier set in the early songs wereThéodore de Banville ("Lied") andAlfred de Musset ("Adieux à Suzon").[74]

In 1888 Chabrier made sixteen arrangements of French folk songs for an anthology calledLe plus jolies chansons du pays de France. He was among the first important composers to work with folk songs, a pioneer for Ravel,Bartók,Britten and others.[74] Johnson writes that Chabrier's touch in these pieces is "deceptively light and restrained", but that the piano writing continually adds enormously to the charm of the music. A later group of songs (1889) with a linking theme is what Chabrier called his "poultry farm", to lyrics byEdmond Rostand andRosemonde Gérard, with subjects including fat turkeys, little ducklings, pink pigs and chirping cicadas.[74]

Most of the songs are for solo voice and piano, but there is one duet (the comic "Duo de l'ouvresse de l'Opéra-Comique", 1888) and in Chabrier's setting ofBaudelaire's "L'invitation au voyage" (1870), the voice and piano are joined by a solo bassoon. Chabrier's last song, "Ode à la Musique", to words by Rostand, is for solo soprano, piano and female choir.[74]

Influence

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The musicologist David Charlton evaluated his influence by saying "While the musical language of Reyer, Massenet and Saint-Saens presented syntheses of current practice, that of Emmanuel Chabrier (1841–1894) was a catalyst: his work became the cradle of French modernism".[75]

Ah! Chabrier, I love him as one loves a father! An indulgent father, always merry, his pockets full of tasty tit-bits. Chabrier's music is a treasure-house you could never exhaust. I just could not do without it.

Francis Poulenc[76]

Debussy, Ravel and Poulenc all acknowledged Chabrier's influence on their music. Debussy wrote in 1893 "Chabrier, Moussorgsky, Palestrina, voilà ce que j'aime" – they are what I love,[77] and said that he could not have writtenLa Damoiselle élue without Chabrier'sLa sulamite as a model. Huebner remarks on echoes of Chabrier in Debussy's "La soirée dans Grenade" inEstampes, and the piano prelude "Général Lavine – excentric".[1] The influence on Ravel is still more marked. In a 1975 study of the two composers, Delage wrote, "In truth there are few works by Ravel which do not to some extent echo one or another work of Chabrier and of which the harmonic procedures are not derived from him".[78] Ravel paid explicit homage to Chabrier in hisA la manière de Chabrier, based on Chabrier's piano pieceMélancolie.[1]

Poulenc said that he hadL'étoile in mind while he wroteLes mamelles de Tirésias. Huebner comments that the influence of Chabrier on Poulenc and the other members ofLes Six was particularly strong, although the later composers were more often drawn to the humorous, parodic side of Chabrier's oeuvre than to the romantic and serious.[1] Other French composers whose music shows the influence of Chabrier includeCharles Lecocq, Messager andSatie.[1][79]

Composers from other countries who works show the influence of Chabrier includeStravinsky, whosePetrushka has thematic and melodic echoes of Chabrier,[31] andMahler, who calledEspaña "the beginnings of modern music"[80] and alluded to the "Dance Villageoise" in theRondo Burleske movement of hisNinth Symphony.[81]Richard Strauss, who was an admirer of Chabrier, conducted the first stage performance of the one act ofBriséïs, and the critic Gerald Larner comments that Strauss was evidently influenced by the work when he came to compose hisSalome eight years later.[63]

 
Un bar aux Folies Bergère by Édouard Manet, completed in 1882 was among those sold from Chabrier's collection after his death.

Chabrier and art

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Autour du piano, 1885, byHenri Fantin-Latour; Chabrier at the piano, andVincent d'Indy standing, furthest right[n 11]

Chabrier was known for his continual contacts with contemporary artists, particularly painters of theImpressionist school. He left a rich collection of paintings by contemporary French painters;Edward Lockspeiser felt that "if ever it could be reassembled [the collection] would be rivalled, among collections of other composers, only by that of Chausson, which consisted largely of Delacroix".[83] A sale of his collection at the Hôtel Drouot on 26 March 1896 included works byCézanne,Manet,Monet,Renoir, andSisley.[n 12]

Chabrier himself was frequently painted or sketched by his artist friends. Two of these portraits are reproduced above: a drawing of Chabrier at the piano (1887) byÉdouard Detaille[85] and Manet'sPortrait de Chabrier (oil on canvas, 1881).[86] He is seen at the piano inAutour du piano byHenri Fantin-Latour (right).[82] Other portraits of Chabrier include a crayon drawing byJames Tissot (1861); in the stage box inL'orchestre de l'Opéra by Degas (c. 1868); on the right ofBal masqué à l'opéra by Manet (1873), a pastel sketch by Manet (1880), a portrait byMarcellin Desboutin (c. 1881) and a bust (1886) byConstantin Meunier.[87]

Johnson comments that although it now seems extraordinary that the owner of such magnificent works of art should have money worries, this was before Impressionist paintings became sought-after and expensive, and "in any case, this was a composer who regarded his collection as a spiritual necessity rather than a financial asset".[74] Chabrier was also a collector of avant-garde writing; as well as Verlaine, among others he sought out the works ofRégnier,Willette andGill.[88]

Notes, references and sources

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Notes

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  1. ^(Dates 1819–1891), she became more than a servant to Chabrier's parents, and on their deaths in 1869 insisted on remaining as domestic to Emmanuel for no pay; she was nanny to his children, and a key link to his Auvergnat childhood.[5]
  2. ^Some sources dateFisch-Ton-Kan as the earlier of the two collaborations.[1]
  3. ^Francis Poulenc, citing an earlier biographer of Chabrier, René Martineau, suggests that the run was deliberately curtailed by the theatre management to avoid costly royalty payments after notching 50 performances.[22]
  4. ^"Jamais un artiste n'aura plus adoré, plus cherché que moi à honorer la musique, nul n'en aura plus souffert; et j'en souffrirai éternellement".[41][42]
  5. ^Isaac Albeniz disliked the piece, and Spanish audiences found it unintelligible.[50]
  6. ^Huebner applies this comment to d'Indy'sFervaal andChausson'sLe roi Arthus as well toGwendoline.[52]
  7. ^"Dans Gwendoline, le livret conventionnel de Catulle Mendès, quoique fort inspiré de la forme wagnérienne, n'a pas fourni au musicien ce qui lui était propre : la verve et le mouvement."[57]
  8. ^Poulenc wrote of his first experience of the music, "Even today it makes me tremble with emotion to think of the resultant miracle: a whole universe ofharmony suddenly opened up before of me, and my music has never forgotten this first kiss".[66]
  9. ^Chabrier also made a transcription of Berlioz'sHarold en Italie for piano duet, in 1876.[68]
  10. ^Souvenirs de Bayreuth, a similarly irreverent dance arrangement of themes fromWagner's Ring Cycle by Fauré and Messager is generally thought to have been composed after Chabrier's piece –Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians estimates the date of Chabrier's piece as 1885–1886, and Fauré and Messager's as 1888 – but the original composition dates of both pieces are uncertain.[1][70]
  11. ^The other musicians in the picture are Adolphe Julien, Arthur Boisseau, Camille Benoît,Edmond Maître, Antoine Lascoux and Amédée Pigeon.[82]
  12. ^Details of these paintings:Les Moissonneurs byPaul Cézanne;Un bar aux Folies Bergère byÉdouard Manet;Le Skating by Manet;Polichinelle by Manet;Les bords de la Seine byClaude Monet;Le parc Monceau by Monet;La fête nationale, rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis by Monet;The Rue Saint-Denis, 30 June 1878 by Monet;Femme nue byPierre-Auguste Renoir;Canotier à Hampton Court byAlfred Sisley;La Seine au Point du Jour by Sisley.[84]

References

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  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsHuebner, Steven."Chabrier, (Alexis-)Emmanuel",Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2018(subscription required)
  2. ^abServières, p. 4
  3. ^Poulenc, p. 23
  4. ^abcProd'homme, p. 463
  5. ^Correspondance: 64–2 n5
  6. ^Poulenc, p. 24
  7. ^abcSoumagnac, Myriam."Chabrier, (Alexis-)Emmanuel – Opera",Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 1992. Retrieved 15 September 2018(subscription required)
  8. ^Prod'homme, p. 451
  9. ^abProd'homme, p. 452
  10. ^Delage 1999, p. 109 (libretto and score have not survived)
  11. ^Correspondance: 88–112.
  12. ^Myers, p. 50
  13. ^Myers, p. 6
  14. ^Stove, p. 236; and Myers, p. 28
  15. ^abServières, p. 10
  16. ^Delage, 1999, p.166-168.
  17. ^Delage (1982), p. 24
  18. ^Correspondance: 83-13n – the youngest, André, was born in the ladies only room at theGare de Lyon, Bercy, on 28 April 1879.
  19. ^Poulenc, p. 26
  20. ^Myers, p. 7
  21. ^Poulenc, p. 30
  22. ^abPoulenc, p. 31
  23. ^Delage p.688 (dedicated to Madame Manet)
  24. ^Myers, p.109.
  25. ^Delage p.243
  26. ^Prod'homme, p, 453
  27. ^Poulenc, p. 46
  28. ^abJohnson, p. 279
  29. ^Quoted in Howat, p. x
  30. ^Delage (1982), p. 25
  31. ^abPoulenc, p. 43
  32. ^De Falla, Manuel.Manuel de Falla – On Music and Musicians, with introduction and notes by Federico Sopeña, translated by David Urman and J M Thomson. Marion Boyars, London & Boston, 1950, 1979, p95 (in Notes on Maurice Ravel, dated 1939).
  33. ^Mann, William. University and Student performances – Gwendoline.Opera – May 1983, Vol 34 No 5, p568, 570.
  34. ^Poulenc, p. 56
  35. ^Delage (1963), pp. 80 and 82–83
  36. ^abPoulenc, p. 58
  37. ^Myers, p. 137
  38. ^Myers, p. 129
  39. ^Correspondance, 89–14 is a message set to music to d'Indy.
  40. ^Correspondence 92–24
  41. ^Desaymard, p. 323
  42. ^Correspondance: 92–88
  43. ^Prod'homme, p. 455
  44. ^Poulenc, p. 67
  45. ^Girard, Jacques. Emmanuel Chabrier : d'Ambert à Paris. Champetières : Éd. de la Montmarie; [S.l.] : Parc Livradois-Forez, DL 2009, p248; in this chapter XXVIII Girard, a consultant in neuro-psychiatry, examines in detail Chabrier's illness.
  46. ^Poulenc, p. 75
  47. ^abcArnold, Denis and Roger Nichols"Chabrier, Emmanuel",The Oxford Companion to Music, Oxford University Press, 2011(subscription required)
  48. ^Howat, p. ix
  49. ^abPoulenc, pp. 65–66; and Nichols, p. 117
  50. ^Poulenc, p. 41
  51. ^Battioni, Isabelle (1999). Notes to Naxos CD 8.554248OCLC 884173078
  52. ^abHuebner, p. viii
  53. ^ab"Chabrier, (Alexis-)Emmanuel (1841–1894)", OperaBase. Retrieved 16 September 2018
  54. ^Seymour, Claire,"Emmanuel Chabrier, L'Étoile – Royal Opera House London",Opera Today, 5 February 2016
  55. ^Forbes, Elizabeth."L'etoile",Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 1992. Retrieved 16 September 2018
  56. ^Forbes, Elizabeth."Une Education manquée",Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 1992. Retrieved 16 September 2018
  57. ^abBusser, Henri."Emmanuel Chabrier",Revue Des Deux Mondes, May 1971, pp. 314–318. In French.(subscription required)
  58. ^Poulenc, pp. 27 and 50
  59. ^Salter, Lionel."Chabrier: Gwendoline",Gramophone, October 1996
  60. ^Huebner, p. 279
  61. ^Greenfield, Edward."Le Roi Malgre Lui: Grange Park",The Guardian, 1 July 2003(subscription required)
  62. ^Christiansen Rupert."Enjoyable despite itself",The Daily Telegraph, 1 July 2003(subscription required)
  63. ^abcLarner, Gerald (1995). Notes to Hyperion CD CDH55428OCLC 809033754
  64. ^Poulenc, pp. 63 and 77
  65. ^abHowat, p.ix
  66. ^Poulenc, p. 39
  67. ^abCushman, Robert (1994) Notes to Vox CD set CDX 5108OCLC 1004785844
  68. ^Delage 1999 p.721
  69. ^Poulenc, p. 57
  70. ^Nectoux, Jean-Michel."Fauré, Gabriel (Urbain)",Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 16 September 2018(subscription required)
  71. ^Roger Delage (translated by John Underwood). Essay accompanying Erato 4509 95309-2 : Emmanuel Chabrier – L'Oeuvre pour piano, Pierre Barbizet (with Jean Hubeau in piano four hands and two-piano works), 1995.
  72. ^Orenstein, p. 219; and Poulenc, p. 54
  73. ^DeVoto, Mark."The Art of French Piano Music: Debussy, Ravel, Fauré, Chabrier",Notes, June 2010, p. 790(subscription required)Archived 14 June 2018 at theWayback Machine
  74. ^abcdeJohnson, Graham (2002). Notes to Hyperion CD set CDA67133/4OCLC 1002911049
  75. ^New Oxford History of Music. Romanticism 1830–1890. Vol IX, VI Opera 1850–90 (b) France – David Charlton. P405-409.
  76. ^Poulenc and Audel, p. 54
  77. ^Howat (2011), p. 34
  78. ^Delage (1975), p. 550
  79. ^Delage (1975), p. 547
  80. ^Quoted in Delage (1999), p. 290
  81. ^Woods, Kenneth."Expert's Perspective: Mahler 9, A Bitter Burlesque", Kenneth Woods – conductor, 21 May 2010
  82. ^ab"Henri Fantin-Latour, Autour du piano, en 1885", Musée d'Orsay. Retrieved 16 September 2018
  83. ^Lockspeiser, Edward.Music and Painting – A study in comparative ideas from Turner to Schoenberg (Appendix G: Chabrier, Wagner and the painters of their time). Cassell & Company Ltd, London, 1973, p187.
  84. ^Poulenc, Appendix, pp. 102–104
  85. ^Delage (1982), p. 127
  86. ^Delage (1982), p. 64
  87. ^Delage (1982), pp. 42, 57, 62, 63, 70 and 153
  88. ^Myers p.161

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