Lieutenant GeneralEedson Louis Millard "Tommy" Burns,CC,DSO,OBE,MC,CD (June 17, 1897 – September 13, 1985) was a senior officer of theCanadian Army and a diplomat. He saw active service in bothWorld War I andWorld War II. He served as the first commander of the first United Nationspeacekeeping force in 1956.^[3] His military career in war has, for the most part, been criticised by some historians as showing he was "simply incapable of commanding a higher formation."^[4]

E. L. M. Burns
Burns in 1954
Nickname(s)	"Tommy" "Smiling Sunray"[1][2]
Born	(1897-06-17)June 17, 1897 Montreal,Quebec, Canada
Died	September 13, 1985(1985-09-13) (aged 88) Manotick, Ontario
Allegiance	Canada
Service/ branch	Canadian Army
Years of service	1914–1959
Rank	Lieutenant General
Unit	17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars Royal Canadian Engineers
Commands	United Nations Emergency Force United Nations Truce Supervision Organization I Canadian Corps 5th Canadian (Armoured) Division 2nd Canadian Infantry Division 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade
Battles / wars	World War I World War II
Awards	Companion of the Order of Canada Distinguished Service Order Officer of the Order of the British Empire Military Cross Canadian Forces' Decoration Mentioned in Despatches

E. L. M. Burns was born on June 17, 1897, inMontreal,Quebec.^[2] His father was a militia staff officer, a member of theCorps of Guides. He served with the17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars (17th D.Y.R.C.H.). He had risen to the rank of signal sergeant by 1913.^[5] "Tommy" Burns, student # 1032 graduated from theRoyal Military College of Canada inKingston, Ontario, in 1914. He joined theRoyal Canadian Engineers, into which he wascommissioned as asecond lieutenant in June 1915.^[6]

Burns served in Canada until March 1916 when he went overseas with the 3rd Canadian Division Signal Company which, was composed of engineers. He fought on the Western Front with the Royal Canadian Engineers from 1916 to 1918. He became a staff officer with the 3rd Division's 9th Brigade in March 1917, dealing with supply and personnel and saw action at theBattle of Vimy Ridge. He became a "staff learner" and acted as liaison officer between forward battalions and brigade headquarters. He returned to Canada in 1919 and was stationed at St. John as an engineer officer.^[5] He was wounded twice during the war and also received theMilitary Cross.^[6] The citation for the medal reads:

For conspicuous gallantry in action. In addition to organising and running the signal lines, he personally laid and repaired armoured cables under very heavy fire. He displayed great courage and coolness throughout.^[7]

After receiving a commission in the Permanent Force as a captain on 1 April 1920,^[8] Burns attended the School of Military Engineering, Chatham, England, for eighteen months. He was an instructor at theRoyal Military College of Canada inKingston, Ontario.^[9] He returned to Halifax and served on duty during the miners' strike at Glace Bay. He worked in the Survey Department in Ottawa. In 1924, he was appointed as an instructor atRMC in field engineering. He attended theStaff College, Quetta, in British India and returned to Quebec, Canada, in 1930.^[5][9] In 1939, as a lieutenant colonel, he attended theImperial Defence College inLondon, England.^[9]

DuringWorld War II Burns, promoted on 1 February 1942 to the temporary rank ofbrigadier,^[10] assumed command of the4th Canadian Armoured Brigade, part of the4th Canadian (Armoured) Division, which eventually went to England.^[11] Precisely fifteen months after his promotion to brigadier, he received another promotion, this time tomajor general, on 1 May 1943, when he became the newGeneral Officer Commanding (GOC) of the2nd Canadian Infantry Division.^[10] The division had been severely mauled the year before during the disastrousDieppe Raid.^[12]

He was not destined to lead the division into battle, however, as, throughout January 1944, there were several changes in the higher levels in command in preparation for theAllied invasion of Normandy in the spring. Lieutenant-GeneralErnest William Sansom, commandingII Canadian Corps, and under whose command Burns's 2nd Division was serving, was returned to Canada and replaced by Major-GeneralGuy Simonds, returning to England from theItalian front where he had been GOC of the5th Canadian (Armoured) Division. Burns himself handed over command of the 2nd Division toCharles Foulkes while Burns proceeded to Italy where he succeeded Simonds in command of the 5th Canadian (Armoured) Division on 23 January 1944.^[13] Not long after his arrival his superior, Lieutenant-GeneralHarry Crerar, the commander ofI Canadian Corps and who was soon to return to England to take over theFirst Canadian Army, had a high opinion of Burns and, believing him to be corps commander material, wanted Burns to succeed him as GOC I Canadian Corps.^[14]

That was all in the future, however. By the time of Burns's assumption of command, the division had been in Italy for just ten weeks. On 17 January the division's11th Infantry Brigade, commanded by BrigadierGeorge Kitching, had launched a disastrous assault over theArieli River, which failed with heavy casualties. This aside, the division still possessed more battle experience than its new GOC, who, in this war, had never commanded even acompany in battle, let alone an entire division.^[14] He therefore found himself in the same position that every Canadian divisional commander, the exceptions being Major-GeneralJohn Hamilton Roberts, who had commanded the 2nd Division at Dieppe, Simonds, who before being GOC of the 5th Division had commanded the1st Canadian Infantry Division inSicily, along withChristopher Vokes, who succeeded Simonds in command of the 1st Division. Even Burns's superior, Crerar, had not had the chance to command the two divisions (the 1st and 5th) serving in his corps.^[14] The lack of battle experience mattered to the men who had successfully commanded units in battle before (such as at the recentBattle of Ortona, where Vokes's 1st Division had driven outGerman paratroopers, albeit at a heavy cost) and they were frustrated at an as-yet untested commander being given command of a newly arrived division. GeneralSir Bernard Montgomery, the former commander of theBritish Eighth Army (under whose control I Canadian Corps fell), placed experience in battle very highly, as did his successor in command of the Eighth Army, Lieutenant-GeneralSir Oliver Leese, a man with whom Burns was to clash on several occasions over the following months.^[14]

As a result of this, Burns had a lot to prove, and he had to prove it quickly, in the eyes of both his superiors and subordinates alike. Leese, initially at least, liked what he saw of "Tommy" Burns, writing home to his wife in early March, "I think he will be good. I will be glad to get rid of Harry [Crerar] and get Burns installed & to get down to some degree of permanency." Lieutenant ColonelW. C. Murphy, the 5th Division'sGSO1, also hoped for a permanent commander who would stay longer than a few weeks. He wrote to his family in early February, "General Burns has joined us. He is very nice to work with and all goes well from that angle. No doubt I'll find a general that I consider good enough to keep on the job one of these days. I hope we'll settle down with no more changes for a while because things always have to be adjusted a bit with each boss man's viewpoint."^[15]

Despite Murphy's wishes, change did arrive, as in late March, after receiving a promotion, this time to the acting rank oflieutenant-general on 20 March,^[10] Burns became GOC I Canadian Corps, taking over from Crerar, who was returning to England to take over command of the First Canadian Army.^[16] Crerar, who continued to think highly of Burns, wrote to Lieutenant-GeneralKenneth Stuart, the acting commander of the First Army in England as well as chief of staff atCanadian Military Headquarters (CMHQ), that, "Burns is showing up very well, indeed, and gives one a feeling of great confidence. Vokes [GOC 1st Division] has certainly reached his ceiling but, providing he is told very clearly what he is to do, and is guided, in his actions, from above, can be regarded as fit for the responsibilities of his appointment."^[16] Vokes was a tough officer who had commanded the 1st Division's2nd Infantry Brigade throughout the fighting in Sicily and briefly in Italy but Montgomery believed that command of a division was his limit, which he probably told Crerar, who might well have been offended by Vokes's womanizing and almost constant cursing. As a result, Burns, to his surprise, found himself promoted to corps commander instead of Vokes.^[16]

Burns's performance as a corps-level commander proved to be controversial, despite the successes of the Canadian forces in the Italian campaign, and so he was replaced as commander of I Canadian Corps by Major-General Charles Foulkes.^[17]

Following this major setback to his career, Burns, reverting back to his permanent rank of major-general,^[10] was given another chance, and he was sent toNorthwestern Europe in December 1944, becoming the Chief of Canadian Section, 1st Echelon,21st Army Group, a position he held until September 1945, by which time the war, after six long years, had finally come to an end.^[10][18]

Burns served as Deputy Minister of Veterans’ Affairs. He served as a President of theUNAC during the 1950s. He played a critical role in the Middle East peace process from 1954 to 1959. He was instrumental in developing UNpeacekeeping. As Chief of Staff in 1954,United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was designed to maintain the General Armistice Agreements until permanent peace could be formulated.

Burns served as a Chief of Staff of the Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine (1954–56) and was thus nearby when theSuez Crisis of 1956 occurred. He then ledUNEF as Force Commander from November 1956 to December 1959.^[19][3] He was promoted to lieutenant-general.

He was Canada's principaldisarmament negotiator from 1960 to 1968.

Burns held the chair of Strategic Studies at the Norman Paterson School for International Affairs,Carleton University from 1969 to 1975. He wrote "Between Arab and Israeli" (1962); "General Mud: Memoirs of Two World Wars" (1970) and "Defense in the Nuclear Age" (1976).

He died in Manotick, Ontario at the age of 88.

Burns was awarded theMilitary Cross for maintaining communications under heavy fire, and, for the same action at the Somme, his non-commissioned officers receivedMilitary Medals.

In 1967 Burns was made aCompanion of the Order of Canada for his services to Canada at home and abroad. He was described as a Former Chief of General Staff and Canadian adviser on disarmament in Geneva. In 1970, he received an honorary doctorate fromSir George Williams University, which later becameConcordia University.^[20]

Burns was the 1981 recipient of thePearson Medal of Peace for his work in themilitary of Canada. He is a 2010 induction to the Wall of Honour at theRoyal Military College of Canada. There is also a park located inNepean named after him.

A mannequin at theRoyal Military College of Canada wears "Tommy" Burns's khaki army uniform jacket, covered with medals and wrapped with a Sam Browne belt.

The largest building at theCanadian Forces College is named Burns Hall, and his portrait is displayed at the entrance of the college.^[21]

• Burns, Lieutenant-General E.L.M. (1962)Between Arab and Israeli. George G. Harrap.
• Johnston, Major JP. "ELM Burns–A Crisis of Command." (2006).online
• Lofgren, Second Lieutenant Will. "In Defence of “Tommy” Burns." (2006).online
• Delaney, Douglas E. (2011).Corps Commanders: Five British and Canadian Generals at War, 1939–45. Vancouver: UBC Press.ISBN 9780774820905.
• Granatstein, Jack (2005).The Generals: The Canadian Army's Senior Commanders in the Second World War. University of Calgary Press.ISBN 978-1-55238-176-2.

• Ryan, Mark (2000).Warrior Chiefs: Perspectives on Senior Canadian Military Leaders.Dundurn Press.ISBN 978-1550023510.

• "Lieutenant-General E.L.M. Burns".Juno Beach Centre. RetrievedJanuary 30, 2005.
• "Lieutenant-General E.L.M. Burns".
• "Lieutenant-General E.L.M. Burns oral history interview".
• Archived February 4, 2012, at theWayback Machine
• Eedson Louis Millard Burns atThe Canadian Encyclopedia
• Office of the Governor General of Canada.Order of Canada citation. Queen's Printer for Canada.
• Burns, E.L.M. General mud : memoirs of two World Wars. Toronto : Clarke, Irwin, 1970. 254 p.
• Details of war service from ordersofbattle.comArchived 2020-01-22 at theWayback Machine
• Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation, June 1970, Concordia University Records Management and Archives
• Generals of World War II