Downtown is the largestcentral business district in the city ofHouston and the largest in the state ofTexas, located near the geographic center of the metropolitan area at the confluence ofInterstate 10,Interstate 45, andInterstate 69. The 1.84-square-mile (4.8 km²) district, enclosed by the aforementioned highways, contains the original townsite of Houston at the confluence ofBuffalo Bayou andWhite Oak Bayou, a point known asAllen's Landing. Downtown has been the city's preeminent commercial district since its founding in 1836.

Downtown Houston
Neighborhood
The Downtown skyline from the west.
Road map of Downtown Houston.
Country	United States
State	Texas
County	Harris County
City	Houston
Settled	1836
Subdistricts	List Ballpark Civic Center Convention Harris County Historic Medical Shopping Skyline Theater Warehouse
Area [1]
• Total	4.8 km2 (1.84 sq mi)
Population  (2017)[1]
• Total	10,165
• Density	2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
	Greater Downtown (within 2 miles): 74,791
ZIP Code	77002
Area code(s)	281, 346, 713, and 832
Website	downtownhouston.org

Today home to nineFortune 500 corporations, Downtown contains 50 million square feet (4,600,000 m²) of office space and is the workplace of 150,000 employees.^[1] Downtown is also a major destination for entertainment and recreation. Nine major performing arts organizations are located within the 13,000-seatTheater District at prominent venues includingAlley Theatre,Hobby Center for the Performing Arts,Jones Hall, and theWortham Theater Center. Two major professional sports venues,Daikin Park and theToyota Center, are home to theHouston Astros andHouston Rockets, respectively.Discovery Green, an urban park located on the east side of the district adjacent to theGeorge R. Brown Convention Center, anchors the city's convention district.

Downtown is Houston's civic center, containingHouston City Hall, thejails, criminal, and civil courthouses ofHarris County,a federal prison and courthouse. Downtown is also a major public transportation hub, lying at the center of thelight rail system,park and ride system, and the metropolitan freeway network; theMetropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) is headquartered in the district. Over 100,000 people commute through Downtown daily.^[1] An extensivenetwork of pedestrian tunnels and skywalks connects a large number of buildings in the district; this system also serves as a subterranean mall.

Geographically, Downtown is bordered byEast Downtown to the east,Third Ward to the south,Midtown to the southwest,Fourth Ward to the west,Sixth Ward to the northwest, andNear Northside to the north. The district's streets form a strictgrid plan of approximately 400 square blocks,^[2] oriented at a southwest to northeast angle. The northern end of the district is crossed by Buffalo Bayou, the banks of which function as alinear park with a grade-separated system of hike-and-bike trails.

Downtown Houston is a 1,178-acre (1.841 sq mi) area bounded byInterstate 45,Interstate 69/U.S. Highway 59, andInterstate 10/U.S. Highway 90.^[3] Several sub-districts exist within Downtown, including:^[4]

• Ballpark – IncludesDaikin Park and surrounding restaurants, lofts, and office space.
• Convention – Includes theGeorge R. Brown Convention Center,Discovery Green, theToyota Center, and some of the largest hotels in the city.
• Civic Center – Contains the core of Houston's government, includingCity Hall – theHouston Public Library Central Library is also here,
• Harris County – The district includes the Harris County courts complex, and theUniversity of Houston–Downtown is on the edge of the district.^[5]
• Historic – This was the original town center of Houston and dates from the 19th century. The center of the historic district is the Market Square, where the original city hall building stood.
• Medical – located along Interstate 45 in the southern corner of the district; includesSt. Joseph Medical Center, residential properties and theSacred Heart Co-Cathedral campus.
• Shopping – Main Street Square has a pavilion and fountains built around theMain Street Square Station –GreenStreet and theShops at Houston Center are in the area.
• Skyline – Includes many skyscrapers and forms the base of Downtown's employment. The buildings are connected by the extensivetunnel network.
• Theater – The 17 block area includes many performing arts venues,Bayou Place, and theHouston Aquarium.^[5]
• Warehouse – Home to Houston's alternative art scene, unique dining options, live music, artists’ studios and downtown's first lofts.

Downtown Houston encompasses the original townsite of Houston. After theTexas Revolution, two New York real estate investors,John Kirby Allen andAugustus Chapman Allen, purchased 6,642 acres (2,688 ha) of land from Thomas F.L. Parrot and his wife, Elizabeth (John Austin's widow), for US$9,428 (equivalent to $269,955 in 2024).^[6] The Allen brothers settled at the confluence ofWhite Oak andBuffalo bayous, a spot now known asAllen's Landing.

A team of three surveyors, includingGail Borden, Jr. (best known for inventingcondensed milk) andMoses Lapham, platted a 62-square-block townsite in the fall of 1836, each block approximately 250 by 250 feet, or 62,500 square feet (5,810 m²) in size.^[7] Thegrid plan was designed to conform to the winding route of Buffalo Bayou; east–west streets were aligned at an angle of north 55º west, while north–south streets were at an angle of south 35º west.^[8] Each block was subdivided into 12 lots – five 50-by-100-foot lots on each side of the block, and two 50-by-125-foot lots between the rows of five.^[8] The Allen brothers, motivated by their vision for urban civic life, specified wide streets to easily accommodate commercial traffic and reserved blocks for schools, churches, and civic institutions.^[9] The townsite was then cleared and drained by a team of Mexican prisoners andblack slaves.^[9] By April 1837, Houston featured a dock, commercial district, the capitol building of theRepublic of Texas, and an estimated population of 1,500.^[9] The first city hall was sited at present-dayMarket Square Park in 1841; this block also served as the city's preeminent retail market.^[10]

The relocation of the Texan republic's capital to Houston required a significant political campaign by the Allen brothers. The Allens gifted a number of city blocks to prominent Texas politicians and agreed to construct the new capitol building and a large hotel at no cost to the government.^[8] The Allens also donated blocks to celebrities, relatives, prominent lawyers, and other influential people in order to attract additional investment and speculation to the town.^[8] During the late 1830s and early 1840s, Houston was in the midst of aland boom, and lots were selling at "enormous prices," according to a visitor to the town in 1837.^[8]

Despite the efforts of the Allen brothers and high economic interest in the town, first few years of Houston's existence were plagued byyellow fever epidemics, flooding, searing heat, inadequate infrastructure, and crime.^[9] Houston suffered from woefully inadequate city services; the Allens failed to accommodate transit, water service, sewerage, road paving, trash service, or gas service in their plans.^[8] As a result, in 1839 the Texas Capitol was moved toAustin.^[9]

In 1840, Houston adopted award system of municipal governance, which, at the time, was considered more democratic than astrong-mayor system and had already been adopted by the United States' largest cities.^[11] The boundaries of the original four wards of Houston radiated out from the intersection of Main and Congress streets; the First Ward was located to the northwest, Second to the northeast, Third to the southeast, and Fourth to the southwest.^[11] Fifth Ward was created in 1866, encompassing the area north of Buffalo Bayou and east of White Oak Bayou; Sixth Ward, the final addition to the system, replaced the section of Fourth Ward north of Buffalo Bayou in 1877.^[11] The ward system, which featured electedaldermen who served as representatives of each neighborhood, remained Houston's form of municipal government until 1905, when the city switched to acommission government and the wards, as political entities, were dissolved.^[11]

Houston grew steadily throughout the late 19th century, and the neighborhoods within the boundaries of modern Downtown diversified. To the northeast, around present-dayDaikin Park, Quality Hill emerged as an elite neighborhood, occupied by entrepreneurs likeWilliam Marsh Rice (namesake ofRice University),William J. Hutchins, and William L. Foley (namesake ofFoley's department stores).^[12] The neighborhood was well known for its opulent residential architecture, often in theGreek Revival style.^[12] To the north, along a bend in Buffalo Bayou, the working-class neighborhood of Frost Town welcomed immigrants from Europe and Mexico during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[13]

Prior to the arrival of the firststreetcars in Houston in the 1870s, most development in the city had been centered in and around the present-day Downtown area. One of the first systems, the Houston City Street Railway, opened in 1874 with four lines along the principal commercial thoroughfares in the heart of the business district.^[14] While generally focused on the most prosperous areas of town, the Houston City Street Railway extended one line a full mile south of the center of the city, making it the first streetcar network designed to spur residential development.^[14] By the 1890s, new, larger local streetcar companies finally accumulated the capital necessary to begin constructingstreetcar suburbs beyond the conventional boundaries of the city.^[14] This led to the development and rapid growth of areas like theHouston Heights andMontrose.^[14] Residential development subsequently moved out of the central business district; Quality Hill was virtually abandoned by the turn of the 20th century.^[12]

Downtown's growth can be attributed to two major factors: The first arose after theGalveston Hurricane of 1900, when investors began seeking a location close to the ports of Southwest Texas, but apparently free of the dangerous hurricanes that frequently struck Galveston and other port cities. Houston became a wise choice, as only the most powerful storms were able to reach the city. The second came a year later with the 1901 discovery of oil atSpindletop, just south ofBeaumont, Texas. Shipping and oil industries began flocking to east Texas, many settling in Houston. From that point forward the area grew substantially, as many skyscrapers were constructed, including the city's tallest buildings. In the 1980s, however, economic recession canceled some projects and caused others to be scaled back, such as theBank of the Southwest Tower.^[15]

In the 19th century much of what was theThird Ward, the present day east side of Downtown Houston, was what Stephen Fox, an architectural historian who lectured atRice University, referred to as "the elite neighborhood of late 19th-century Houston." Ralph Bivins of theHouston Chronicle wrote that Fox said that area was "a silk-stocking neighborhood of Victorian-era homes." Bivins said that the construction of Union Station, which occurred around 1910, caused the "residential character" of the area to "deteriorate." Hotels opened in the area to service travelers. Afterwards, according to Bivins, the area "began a long downward slide toward the skid row of the 1990s" and the hotels devolved intoflophouses. Passenger trains stopped going toUnion Station in 1974.^[16] The construction ofInterstate 45 in the 1950s separated portions of the historic Third Ward from the rest of the Third Ward and brought those portions into Downtown.^[17]

Beginning in the 1960s the development of the610 Loop caused the focus of the Houston area to move away from Downtown Houston. Joel Barna ofCite 42 said that this causedGreater Houston to shift from "a fragmenting but still centrally focused spatial entity into something more like a doughnut," and that Downtown Houston began to become a "hole" in the "doughnut." As interchange connections with the 610 Loop opened, according to Barna Downtown "became just another node in a multi-node grid" and, as of 1998, "has been that, with already established high densities and land prices." In the mid-1980s, the banksavings and loan crisis forced many tenants in Downtown Houston buildings to retrench, and some tenants went out of business. Barna said that this development further caused Downtown Houston to decline.^[18]

TheGulf Hotel fire occurred in 1943.

Areas which are now considered part of Downtown were once withinThird and theFourth wards; the construction of Interstate 45 in the 1950s separated the areas from their former communities and placed them in Downtown. Additional freeway construction in the 1960s and 1970s solidified the current boundaries of Downtown. Originally, Downtown was the most important retail area of Houston. Suburban retail construction in the 1970s and 1980s reduced Downtown's importance in terms of retail activity.^[17]

From 1971 to 2018, about40 downtown buildings and other properties have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The onset of the1980s oil glut had devastating economic consequences for Downtown. In the mid-1980s, a bank savings and loan crisis forced many tenants in Downtown Houston buildings to retrench, and some went out of business. This development further caused Downtown Houston to decline.^[18] In 1986, Downtown's Class A office occupancy rate was 81.4%.^[19] The Downtown Houston business occupancy rate of all office space increased from 75.8% at the end of 1987 to 77.2% at the end of 1988.^[20] By the late 1980s, 35% of Downtown Houston's land area consisted of surface parking.^[18] In the early 1990s Downtown Houston still had more than 20% vacant office space.^[21] By 1987 many of the office buildings in Downtown Houston were owned by non-U.S. real estate figures.^[22]

Downtown began to rebound from the oil crisis by the mid-1990s. A dozen companies relocated to Downtown in 1996 alone, bringing 2,800 jobs and filling 670,000 square feet (62,000 m²) of space.^[23] In 1997 Tim Reylea, the vice president of Cushman Realty, said that "None of the major central business districts across the country has seen the suburban-to-downtown shift that Houston has."^[24] Circa 2000 the Ballpark at Union Station/Enron Field, nowDaikin Park, opened, Houston Downtown Management District president Bob Eury stated that this promoted subsequent development in Downtown.^[25]

By 2000, demand for Downtown office space increased, and construction of office buildings resumed.^[21] The cutbacks by firms such asDynegy, in addition to the fall of Enron, caused the occupancy rate of Downtown Houston buildings to decrease to 84.1% in 2003 from 97.3% less than two years previously. In 2003, the types of firms with operations in Downtown Houston typically were accounting firms, energy firms, and law firms. Typically newer buildings had higher occupancy rates than older buildings.^[19] In 2004, the real estate firm Cresa Partners stated that the vacancy rate in Downtown Houston's Class A office space was almost 20%.^[26] TheTexas Legislature established the Downtown Houston Management District in 1995.^[3]

Circa/after the 1990s, Downtown has experienced a boom in high-rise residential construction, spurred in large part by the Downtown Living Initiative (DLI), a tax incentive program created by the city. Between 2013 and 2015, the DLI subsidized 5,000 proposed residential units. As a result, Downtown's residential population has increased to 10,165 people in 4,777 units, up from 900 units in the 1995.^[1][27] Many of Downtown's older residential units are located in lofts and converted commercial space, many of which are located around the performance halls of theHouston Theater District and near Main Street in the Historic District.^{[citation needed]} In spring 2009, luxury high-riseOne Park Place opened-up with 346 units.^[28] In early 2017 Downtown's largest residential building opened whenMarket Square Tower's 463 units were completed.

Developers have invested more than US$4 billion in the first decade of the 21st century to transform Downtown into an active city center with residential housing, a nightlife scene and new transportation.^[29] The Cotswold Project, a $62 million project started in 1998, has helped to rebuild the streets and transform 90 downtown blocks into a pedestrian-friendly environment by adding greenery, trees and public art.^[30] January 1, 2004, marked the opening of the "new" Main Street, a plaza with many eateries, bars and nightclubs, which brings many visitors to a newly renovated locale.^[31]

Phoenicia Specialty Foods opened a downtown grocery store in 2011, located inOne Park Place.^[32][33]

In June 2019 Dianna Wray ofHoustonia wrote that Downtown Houston had an increased amount of pedestrian traffic and residents compared to the post-oil bust 1980s.^[25]

Office traffic declined during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Texas. By 2022 many offices had split shifts to where workers only went to offices for some days of the week.^[34] By 2022 activity at hotel and entertainment establishments recovered.^[35]

In May 2024,a derecho struck the downtown Houston causing damage.^[36]

In the 1960s, downtown comprised a modest collection of mid-rise office structures, but has since grown into one of the largestskylines in the United States. In 1960, the central business district had 10 million square feet (930,000 m²) of office space, increasing to about 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) in 1970. Downtown Houston was on the threshold of a boom in 1970 with 8.7 million square feet (800,000 m²) of office space planned or under construction and huge projects being launched byreal estate developers. The largest proposed development was the 32-blockHouston Center. Only a small part of the original proposal was ultimately constructed, however. Other large projects included the Cullen Center, Allen Center, and towers forShell Oil Company. The surge of skyscrapers mirrored the skyscraper booms in other cities, such as Los Angeles andDallas. Houston experienced another downtown construction spurt in the 1970s with the energy industry boom.^[37]

The first major skyscraper to be constructed in Houston was the 50-floor, 218 m (715 ft)One Shell Plaza in 1971. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s, culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 305 m (1,001 ft)JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), which was completed in 1982. In 2002, it was the tallest structure in Texas, ninth-tallest building in the United States, and the 23rd tallest skyscraper in the world. In 1983, the 71-floor, 296 m (971 ft)Wells Fargo Plaza was completed, which became the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas, and 11th-tallest in the country. Skyscraper construction in downtown Houston came to an end in the mid-1980s with the collapse of Houston's energy industry and the resulting economic recession.^[38]

Twelve years later, the Houston-basedEnron Corporation began constructing a 40-floor, 1,284,013sq.ft^[39] skyscraper in 1999 (which was completed in 2002)^[40] with the company collapsing in one of the most dramatic corporate failures in the history of the United States only two years later. Chevron bought this building to set up a regional upstream energy headquarters, and in late 2006 announced further consolidation of employees downtown from satellite suburban buildings, and even California and Louisiana offices by leasing the original Enron building across the street. Both buildings are connected by a second-floor unique walk-across, air-conditioned circular skybridge with three points of connection to both office buildings and a large parking deck. Other smaller office structures were built in the 2000–2003 period. As of January 2015, downtown Houston had more than 44 million square feet (4,087,733 m²) of office space, including more than 29 million square feet (1,861,704 m²) ofclass A office space.^[41][42]

Notable buildings that form Houston's downtown skyline:

• TheSweeney, Coombs, and Fredericks Building is a late Victorian commercial building with a 3-story corner turret and Eastlake decorative elements that was designed by George E. Dickey in 1889. Evidence indicates that the 1889 construction may have been a renovation of an 1861 structure built by William A. Van Alstyne and purchased in 1882 by John Jasper Sweeney and Edward L. Coombs. Gus Fredericks joined the Sweeney and Coombs Jewelry firm before 1889. The building is on the corner of Main Street and Congress Street at 301 Main Street. The jewelry firm is still in business. It is one of the very few Victorian structures in the Bayou City.
• TheGulf Building, now called the JPMorgan Chase building, is one of the preeminentArt Deco skyscrapers in the southern United States. Completed in 1929, it remained thetallest building in Houston until 1963, when theExxon Building surpassed it in height.
• TheEsperson Buildings, 'Neils' built in 1927 and 'Mellie' in 1942, were modeled with Italian architecture.
• TheHouston City Hall was started in 1938 and completed in 1939. The original building is an excellent example of theArt Deco Era. In front of City Hall is the George Hermann Square.
• TheAlley Theatre was completed in 1968. It is home to theTony Award winning theatre company by the same name, the oldest professional theatre company in Texas. Its nine towers and brutality style give it a castle appearance.
• One Shell Plaza was, at its completion in 1971, the tallest building in Houston. It stands 715 feet (218 m) tall, and when the antenna tower on its top is included, the height of One Shell Plaza is 1,000 feet (300 m).
• Houston Public Library's Central Library, consists of two separate buildings: theJulia Ideson Building (1926) and theJesse H. Jones Building (1976).
• TheHouston Industries Building, formerly known as the 1100 Milam Building, was built in 1973. It went through major renovations in 1996.
• Pennzoil Place, designed byPhilip Johnson, built in 1976, is Houston's most award-winning skyscraper, known for its innovative design. Johnson's forward thinking brought about a new era in skyscraper design.
• TheFirst City Tower was built in 1981.
• TheJPMorgan Chase Tower, designed byI.M. Pei, was built in 1981. Formerly the Texas Commerce Tower, it is the tallest in Houston and the second tallest in the United States west of theMississippi River.

   

• The Chevron Tower, formerly the Gulf Tower, was built in 1982.
• TheBank of America Center, formerly the RepublicBank Center and the NationsBank center, designed byPhilip Johnson, was built in 1983.
• TheWells Fargo Bank Plaza, formerly the Allied Bank Plaza and First Interstate Center, also built in 1983, is the second tallest building in the Houston Area.
• TheHeritage Plaza was completed in 1987.
• The Enron Center North, also known as theFour Allen Center, was also built in 1983.
• TheEnron Center South, also the Enron II, designed byCesar Pelli was completed in 2002. (Note:Enron went bankrupt before the building's completion and was sold soon after it was completed for about half of its $200 million construction cost).
• TheHobby Center for the Performing Arts was started in 2000 and completed in 2002.
• The Lyric Centre, named for its adjacency to the Theater District.
• TheCarter Building, once the tallest building in Texas, more recently re-purposed as a hotel.
• TheScanlan Building, at Main and Preston, was built on the site of the first official "White House" of theRepublic of Texas. Constructed in 1909 by the daughters of Thomas Howe Scanlan to honor their father, former mayor of Houston (1870–1873). The Scanlan Building is listed in theU.S. National Register of Historic Places and was the largest building in the city at the time of its construction.

In 2017 the Downtown Super Neighborhood #61, which includes Downtown andEast Downtown, had 12,879 people. 34% were non-Hispanic White, 28% were Hispanic, 32% were non-Hispanic Black, 4% were non-Hispanic Asians, and 2% were non-Hispanic people of other racial identities.^[43]

In 2015 there were 12,407 residents. 33% were non-Hispanic White, 32% were non-Hispanic Black, 29% were Hispanic, 5% were non-Hispanic Asian, and 1% were non-Hispanics of other racial identities.^[44]

In 2000 there were 12,407 residents. 5,083 (41%) were non-Hispanic Black, 4,225 (34%) were non-Hispanic White, 2,872 (23%) were Hispanic, 156 (1%) were non-Hispanic Asians, 56 were of two or more races, 11 were non-Hispanic American Indian, and two each were non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and non-Hispanic people of other racial identities.^[45]

Downtown is Houston's single largest office market, containing 50 million square feet (4,600,000 m²) of space.^[1] A premium submarket, Downtown commands the highest office rental rates in the city^[46] and was one of the ten most expensive office markets in the United States in 2016.^[47] Louisiana Street, which runs through the heart of the district, is one of the fifteen most expensive streets in the United States.^[48]

3,500 businesses in the district employ approximately 150,000 workers. Major employers includeChevron,JPMorgan Chase, andUnited Airlines.^[3]Downtown Houston has between 35% and 40% of theClass A office locations of the business districts in Houston.^[49]

Firms which are headquartered in Downtown include:

• Calpine
• Dynegy inWells Fargo Plaza^[50]
• KBR^[51][52]
• Baker Botts in One Shell Plaza^[53][54]
• Bracewell LLP inPennzoil Place^[55]
• Total Petrochemicals USA inTotal Plaza^[56][57]
• CenterPoint Energy inCenterPoint Energy Plaza^[58][59]
• Vinson & Elkins in Texas Tower^[60][61]
• Waste Management in First City Tower^[62]
• El Paso Corp.^[63]
• Plains All American Pipeline inAllen Center^[64]
• Enterprise GP Holdings inEnterprise Plaza^[65]
• EOG Resources inHeritage Plaza^[66]

Continental Airlines (now known asUnited Airlines) formerly had its headquarters inContinental Center I.^[67] At one point,ExpressJet Airlines had its headquarters in Continental's complex.^[68][69] In September 1997 Continental Airlines announced it would consolidate its Houston headquarters in the Continental Center complex;^[70] the airline scheduled to move its employees in stages beginning in July 1998 and ending in January 1999.Bob Lanier,Mayor of Houston, said that he was "tickled to death" by the airline's move to relocate to Downtown Houston.^[71] Tim Reylea, the vice president of Cushman Realty, said that the Continental move "is probably the largest corporate relocation in the central business district of Houston ever."^[24]

Hotel operators in Downtown reacted favorably, predicting that the move would cause an increase in occupancy rates in their hotels.^[72] In 2008 Continental renewed its lease in the building. Before the lease renewal, rumors spread stating that the airline would relocate its headquarters to office space outside of Downtown. Steven Biegel, the senior vice president of Studley Inc. and a representative of office building tenants, said that if Continental's space went vacant, the vacancy would not have had a significant impact in the Downtown Houston submarket as there is not an abundance of available space, and the empty property would be likely that another potential tenant would occupy it. Jennifer Dawson of theHouston Business Journal said that if Continental Airlines left Continental Center I, the development of Brookfield Properties's new office tower would have been delayed.^[73] As of September 2011 the headquarters moved out, but Continental will continue to house employees in the building. It will have about half of the employees that it once had.^[74]

JPMorgan Chase Bank has its Houston operations headquartered in theJPMorgan Chase Building (Gulf Building).^[75]LyondellBasell has offices in the LyondellBasell Towers formerly known as1 Houston Center.^[76]Hess Corporation has exploration and production operations inOne Allen Center.,^[77] but will move its offices to the under constructionHess Tower (Named after the company) upon its completion.^[78]

ExxonMobil has Exploration and Producing Operations business headquarters at theExxonMobil Building.^[79]Qatar Airways operates an office withinTwo Allen Center;^[80] it also has a storefront in theHouston Pavilions.^[81][82]Enbridge has its Houston office in theEnterprise Plaza.^[83]KPMG has their Houston offices in the new BG place at 811 Main St.Mayer Brown has his Houston office in theBank of America Center.^[84][85]

WhenTexas Commerce Bank existed, its headquarters were in what is now theJPMorgan Chase Building (Gulf Building).^[75] Prior to its collapse in 2001,Enron was headquartered in Downtown.^[86] In 2005Federated Department Stores announced that it will closeFoley's 1,200 employee headquarters in Downtown Houston.^[87]

Houston Industries (HI, later Reliant Energy) and subsidiaryHouston Power & Lighting (HL&P) historically had their headquarters in Downtown.^[88]

Halliburton's corporate headquarters office was in5 Houston Center.^[89] In 2001, Halliburton canceled a move to redevelop land inWestchase to house employees; real estate figures associated with Downtown Houston approved of the news. Nancy Sarnoff of theHouston Business Journal said it made more sense for the company to lease existing space instead of constructing new office space in times of economic downturns.^[90] By 2009 Halliburton closed its Downtown Office, moved its headquarters to northern Houston, and consolidated operations at its northern Houston andWestchase facilities.^[91]

Two city council districts, District H and District I, cover portions of Downtown.^[92][93] As of 2015Mayor Pro-Tem Ed Gonzalez and Robert Gallegos, respectively, represent the two districts.^[94]

Houston City Hall, the Margaret Helfrich Westerman Houston City Hall Annex, and theBob Lanier Public Works Building are all located in Downtown Houston.

The community is within theHouston Police Department's Downtown Division.^[95] The Edward A. Thomas Building, headquarters of HPD, is located in1200 Travis Downtown.^[96]

Houston Fire Department Station 8 Downtown at 1919 Louisiana Street serves the central business district. Station 8 is in Fire District 8.^[97] The fire station "Washington #8" first opened in 1895 at Polk at Crawford. The station was closed in 2001 after a sports arena was built on the site.^[98] Fire Station 1, which was located at 410 Bagby Street, closed in 2001,^[97] as it was merged with Station 8. Station 8, relocated to a temporary building at the corner of Milam and St. Joseph, reopened in June 2001. The current "Super Station" at 1919 Louisiana opened on April 21, 2008.^[98] "Stonewall #3," organized in 1867, was located in the current location of thePost Rice Lofts. It 1895 it moved to a location along Preston Street, between Smith and Louisiana, in what is now Downtown. The station, currently Station #3, moved outside of the current day Downtown in 1903.^[99] Fire Station 5, originally in what was then theFifth Ward, moved to Hardy and Nance in what is now Downtown in 1895. The station was rebuilt at that site in 1932, and in 1977 the station moved toSpring Branch.^[100] Station 2 moved from what is now theEast End to what is now Downtown in 1926. The station moved to theFourth Ward in 1965.^[101]

The Houston Downtown Management District and Central Houston, Inc. is headquartered in Suite 1650 at 2 Houston Center, a part of theHouston Center complex.^[102]

Downtown is divided between Harris County Precinct 1 and Harris County Precinct 2.^[103] As of 2016, Gene L. Locke heads Precinct 1.^[104] As of 2016, Jack Morman heads Precinct 2.^[105] Harris County Precinct Two operates the Raul C. Downtown Courthouse annex in Downtown.^[106]

The Harris County court system is located within a five block area bounded by Franklin, San Jacinto, Caroline, and Congress Streets. This complex includes the following:^[107][108]

• Harris County Civil Court
• Harris County Family Court
• Harris County Juvenile Court
• Harris County Criminal Court
• Harris County Justice of the Peace, Precinct 1, Place 2

All are located around a central plaza, nicknamed "Justice Square", located above the underground Harris County Jury Plaza.^[109] Along with Harris County's facilities, there are several constable courts and support facilities nearby.

TheHarris County jail facilities are in northern Downtown on the north side of theBuffalo Bayou. The 1200 Jail,^[110] the 1307 Jail, (originally aTexas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) facility, leased by the county),^[111] and the 701 Jail (formed from existing warehouse storage space) are on the same site.^[112]

The nearest public health clinics ofHarris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) were as of 2000 Ripley Health Center (for ZIP codes 77002, 77003, and 77010) in theEast End and Casa de Amigos Health Center (for ZIP code 77007).^[113] In 2000 Ripley was replaced by the Gulfgate Health Center.^[114] The nearest public hospital isBen Taub General Hospital in theTexas Medical Center.^[113]

Much of Downtown is located in District 147 of theTexas House of Representatives. As of 2016,Garnet F. Coleman represents the district.^[115] Some of Downtown is located in District 148 of theTexas House of Representatives. As of 2016,Jessica Farrar represents the district.^[116] Downtown is withinDistrict 13 of theTexas Senate; as of 2016Rodney Ellis represents that district.^[117]

Joe Kegans Unit, located in Downtown, is aTexas Department of Criminal Justice state jail for men. It is adjacent to the county facilities on the north side of the Buffalo Bayou.^[118] Kegans opened in 1997.^[119] The South Texas Intermediate Sanction Facility Unit, a parole confinement facility for males operated byGlobal Expertise in Outsourcing, is in Downtown Houston, west ofDaikin Park.^[120]

As of 2011, theTexas First Court of Appeals and theTexas Fourteenth Court of Appeals are located in the renovated 1910 Courthouse.^[121][122]

Downtown Houston is inTexas's 18th congressional district.^[123] Its representative wasSheila Jackson Lee^[124] who died on July 19th, 2024, fromcancer at the age of 74. The seat is now vacant.^[125][126]

TheUnited States Postal Service previously operated a 16-acre (65,000 m²) Houston Post Office at 401 Franklin Street.^[127] The building, named afterBarbara Jordan, was designed by the architects who designed theHouston Astrodome, opened in 1962 and received its current name in 1984.^[128] When it was a post office it had mail sorting machines. It has 555,000 square feet (51,600 m²) of space.^[129] However, following the sale of the property, the U.S. Postal Service ceased operations at the facility on May 15, 2015, and consolidated its sorting operations.^[130][131] The Sam Houston Station,^[132] the new Houston Post Office on Hadley Street inMidtown Houston assumed the role held by the previous one.^[133] In 2010 theHouston Press ranked the former Downtown post office as the best post office in Houston.^[134] It became an event venue called Post HTX after the company Lovett Commercial took control of it in 2015.^[135] By 2021 it was being redeveloped as a shopping center.^[129]

In addition the USPS operates the2 Houston Center and Civic Center postal units. In July 2011 the USPS announced that the two postal units may close.^[136]

Regional offices of U.S. government agencies are located at the Mickey Leland Federal Building at 1919 Smith Street. The 22 story building, with a 6-story parking garage, was designated anEnergy Star efficient building in 2000.^[137]

TheUnited States District Court for the Southern District of Texas has its offices in 515 Rusk in Downtown Houston.^[138]

TheFederal Bureau of Prisons operates theFederal Detention Center, Houston in Downtown.^[139]

TheConsulate-General of the United Kingdom is located in Wells Fargo Plaza,^[140] while theConsulate-General of Japan is located inTwo Houston Center.^[141] TheConsulate-General of Switzerland, which resided in Downtown Houston, closed in 2006.^{[142][143][144][145]}

Downtown contains fifteen public parks, varying fromlinear parks along Buffalo Bayou to block parks and plazas.

On the west side of Downtown along Bagby Street,Sam Houston Park is home to the Houston Heritage Society, which maintains a collection of historic houses from throughout the city's history. Nearby,Tranquility Park uses open green spaces and a series of interconnected fountains to commemorate NASA's landing on the moon'sSea of Tranquility. These parks tie into the larger civic complex anchored by City Hall and the main branch ofHouston Public Library.

In the Historic District to the north,Market Square Park occupies a block formerly covered by Houston's open air market which fronted the old City Hall. Renovations completed in 2010 added two dog runs, a Greek restaurant, and Houston's only memorial to theSeptember 11 attacks.^[146][147]Buffalo Bayou's route through Downtown contains multiple parks which segue together to form a continuous greenway.Allen's Landing, near the intersection of Smith and Preston, commemorates the landing site of the Allen brothers, the New York entrepreneurs who founded the city.Sesquicentennial Park, across Buffalo Bayou from Allen's Landing, commemorates the 150-year anniversary of the city's founding. The park contains a statue of former PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush, who represented a portion of west Houston during his time in theUnited States House of Representatives.

In the Convention District,Discovery Green, immediately west of the George R. Brown Convention Center, contains an amphitheater, two restaurants, a dog run, a jogging trail, multiple lawns, and an artificial lake on nearly 12 acres (49,000 m²) of land.^[148] Since its opening in 2008, Discovery Green has become one of Downtown's main attractions, hosting approximately 1.2 million visitors a year and serving as one of the city's premier public spaces.^[149] Discovery Green's environs, formerly covered by surface parking lots, have seen over US$600 million in new development since the park's opening.^[150]

A number of other smaller parks and plazas are spread throughout Downtown. Main Street Square is a pedestrian-only promenade with a reflection pool and fountains on the METRORail line between Lamar and Dallas streets.^[151] Near the Toyota Center, Root Square occupies a single block and features a public basketball court.^[152] Harris County Precinct One operates the 2-acre (8,100 m²) Quebedeaux Park near the county court complex.^[153] The park includes a stage area, picnic tables, and benches. The park surrounds the Harris County Family Law Center.^[154]

A park in the southern part of Downtown, Trebly Park, began construction in March 2021 on the site of a former automobile repair center. The park had the provisional name Southern Downtown Park; its chosen name refers to how there are three street corners adjacent to the park.^[155] The area is in the shape of an "L".^[156]

Downtown Houston has two major league sports venues.Daikin Park, opened in 2000, is home toMLBHouston Astros, and theToyota Center, opened in 2003, is home to theNBAHouston Rockets. From 2004 to 2007, Toyota Center was also home to the now defunctWNBAHouston Comets.

TheTheater District is one of the largest in the country as measured by the number of theater seats.^{[citation needed]} Houston is one of only five cities in the United States with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing art disciplines of opera, ballet, music, and theater.^{[citation needed]} Venues in the theater district include theWortham Center (opera and ballet), theAlley Theatre (theater), theHobby Center (resident and traveling musical theater, concerts, events), theBayou Music Center (concerts and events) andJones Hall (symphony).

TheGeorge R. Brown Convention Center is located on the east side of Downtown, between Discovery Green and Interstate 69, and contains 1,800,000 square feet (170,000 m²) of convention space and two adjoining hotels. In the mid-2010s, the promenade between the Center and Discovery Green was transformed intoAvenida Houston, a mixed-use corridor featuring restaurants and retail spaces.^[157]

Major hotels in downtown Houston are:

• Hilton Americas Convention Center Hotel
• Marriott Marquis Houston
• Four Seasons Hotel and Residences
• JW Marriott Downtown Houston^[158]
• Doubletree Hotel Downtown Houston
• Hyatt Place Houston Downtown
• Hyatt Regency Houston, which features arevolving restaurant, theSpindletop, located on the hotel's 30th floor.^[159]
• The Whitehall
• Club Quarters Hotel
• Courtyard Houston Downtown (Marriott)
• Residence Inn Marriott
• Westin Hotel
• SpringHill Suites Marriott
• Hotel Alessandra

Boutique hotels include:

• The Lancaster
• Magnolia Hotel
• Hotel Icon (Marriott)
• The Sam Houston Hotel

The Shops in Houston Center, located within theHouston Center complex, is an enclosed shopping mall. A few blocks away,GreenStreet is an open-air shopping center. TheHouston Downtown Tunnel System is also home to many shops and restaurants. Several restaurants in Downtown Houston are in the Tunnel system, only open during working hours.^{[citation needed]}

Katharine Shilcutt of theHouston Press said in 2012 that because of the Houston tunnel system taking traffic during the daytime and many office workers leaving for suburbs at night, many street level restaurants in Downtown Houston have difficulty operating. She added that the popularity of business-related lunches and dinners resulted in steakhouses in Downtown becoming successful.^[160]

Downtown hosts a branch of theYMCA, featuring a center for teenagers, a wellness center for females, a child watch area, a community meeting space, a chapel, group exercise rooms, and a racquetball court.^[161] The Downtown YMCA provided dormitory space beginning in 1908, and continued to do so in its 1941 building, but the new YMCA to open in 2010 was not to have any. The current branch had a projected cost of $55 million.^[162]

In 2018 the street artist Dual made a mural representing Produce Row, which was a group of produce businesses on Commerce Street, on the Main & Co. building; at the time the area was in thefirst ward.^[163]

TheHouston Chronicle, the citywide newspaper, previously had its headquarters in Downtown, but has since relocatedc. 2014.[164] Beginning in 1998,^[165]Houston Press headquarters was located in Downtown,^[166] in the former Gillman Pontiac dealership building.^[167] On the weekend after Friday October 25, 2013, theHouston Press was scheduled to move to its new offices inMidtown Houston.^[165]

The magazineHouston Downtown was a Downtown-oriented magazine published by Rosie Walker.^[168] Most area residents called it the "Downtowner." Walker was originally an office worker in Downtown Houston who was upset that she had learned of events occurring in Downtown Houston after they had already occurred. Walker said "Several people in our office decided to start a newsletter. It sort of expanded throughout our company and throughout our building."^[169] It had been published for 14 years. In 1991 the business had paid off its debts. Walker decided not to take out loans to update her equipment and printing processes and instead closed the magazine during that year.^[168]

TheDowntown, Inc./Downtown Voice was another Downtown-related magazine. Kevin Clear of the Creneau Media Group planned to establish a magazine about Downtown Houston that would be published by Creneau. In January 1990 his company had developed a business plan aimed towards competing withHouston Downtown magazine.Houston Downtown was closed before Clear could develop a new magazine. Clear said "I hate to say we danced on their grave, but we weren't unhappy about the way things turned out."^[168] Clear planned to introduce his magazine in May 1991. As of January 1991 he had not decided on a name for the magazine.^[168] Elise Perachio became the editor of the magazine, which was ultimately namedDowntown, Inc.^[170] On August 1, 1994, the magazine, then called Downtown Voice, was sold to company Media Ink.^[171]

Regional sports networkAT&T SportsNet Southwest is headquartered in Downtown atGreenStreet.^[172]

TheMetropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) operates Houston's public transportation systems. Downtown lies at the convergence of the three lines of Houston's light rail system, known asMETRORail. The Red Line, which runs along Main Street, contains the following stations (from south to north):Downtown Transit Center,Bell,Main Street Square,Preston, andUH–Downtown.^[173] TheSoutheast/Purple Line andEast End/Green Lines stop at theCentral,Convention District, andTheater District stations.

METRO operates many bus lines through Downtown.^[174] Greenlink, a free-to-ride circulator shuttle, follows a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) circular route around the district. Greenlink is the successor to a trolley-style free-to-ride bus service which carried over 10,000 riders each day on five different routes prior to its disbandment in 2005.^[175]

Taxicabs can be hailed from the street, at one of 21 taxi stands, or at various hotels. Taxi trips within Downtown have a flat rate of US$6, mandated by the city.^[176]Uber operates within the city and surrounding areas.

TheUniversity of Houston–Downtown (UHD) is a four-year state university, located at the northern-end of Downtown. Founded in 1974, it is one of four separate and distinct institutions in theUniversity of Houston System. UHD has an enrollment of 14,255 students—making it the 15th largest public university in Texas and the second-largest university in the Houston area.^[177]

TheSouth Texas College of Law is a private law school located within Downtown and is one of three law schools in Houston.^[178]

Downtown is within theHouston Community College System, and it is in close proximity to the Central Campus inMidtown.^[179][180]

The grade-school children of Downtown are served by theHouston Independent School District (HISD).

One publicK-8 school, an HISD-affiliatedcharter school called Young Scholars Academy for Excellence (Y.S.A.F.E.), is in Downtown.^[181] It was established on May 15, 1996, by Kenneth and Anella Coleman.^[182] HISD'sHigh School for the Performing and Visual Arts (HSPVA), a publicmagnet high school, broke ground on a new downtown campus in 2014,^[183] and classes began there in 2019, replacing HSPVA's previousMontrose-area campus.^[184]

Three public district elementary schools have zoning boundaries that extend to areas of Downtown with residential areas; they are:

• Bruce Elementary School (in theFifth Ward)^[185]
• Crockett Elementary School (northwest of Downtown)^[186]
• Gregory-Lincoln Education Center^[187] (in theFourth Ward)

Gregory Lincoln Education Center^[188] (in theFourth Ward) takes most of Downtown's students at the middle school level.Marshall Middle School^[189] (inNorthside) takes students at the middle school level from a small section of northern Downtown.Northside High School (formerly Jefferson Davis High School),^[190] also in Northside, takes students from almost all of Downtown at the high school level.Heights High School (formerly Reagan High School),^[191] in theHouston Heights, take students in the high school level from a small section of northwest Downtown.

The block bounded by Austin, Capitol, Caroline, and Rusk held schools for many years. Houston Academy was established there in the 1850s. In 1894 the groundbreaking for Central High School occurred there. Central burned down in March 1919. In 1921Sam Houston High School opened at the site.^[192] The current Sam Houston building in theNorthside opened in 1955.^[193] The previous building became the administrative headquarters of theHouston Independent School District. By the early 1970s HISD moved its headquarters out of the building, which was demolished. As of 2011 a parking lot occupies the former school lot; a state historical marker is located at the lot.^[192]

Booker T. Washington High School's first location, 303 West Dallas, served as the school's location from 1893 to 1959, when it moved to the north. Lockett Junior High School was established in the former Washington campus and closed in 1968.^[194]

Anson Jones Elementary School served a portion of Downtown until its closing in Summer 2006.^[194][195] Anson Jones opened in 1892 as the Elysian Street School; its first campus was destroyed in a fire, and that was replaced in 1893 with a three-story building at 914 Elysian in what is now Downtown. It was named afterAnson Jones in 1902. In the 1950s many students resided in Clayton Homes and the students were majority Hispanic and Latino. In 1962 it had 609 students. Anson Jones moved to a new campus in theSecond Ward in 1966, and its original campus in Downtown was demolished.^[196]

Brock Elementary School served a portion of Downtown until its closing in Summer 2006 and repurposing as an early childhood center; its boundary was transferred to Crockett Elementary.^[194][197] Before the start of the 2009–2010 school year J. Will Jones was consolidated into Blackshear Elementary School, a campus in theThird Ward.^[198][199] During its final year of enrollment J. Will Jones had more students than Blackshear. Many J. Will Jones parents referred to Blackshear as "that prison school" and said that they will not send their children to Blackshear.^[200] By Spring 2011 Atherton Elementary School and E.O. Smith were consolidated with a new K-5 campus in the Atherton site.^[201] Middle school students in Downtown were rezoned to Gregory-Lincoln.^[188][202]

As part of rezoning for the 2014–2015 school year, in Downtown all areas previously under the Blackshear attendance zone and many areas in the Bruce attendance zone were rezoned to Gregory-Lincoln K-8.^[203]

TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston oversees theIncarnate Word Academy, a Catholic all-girls school founded in 1873 and the only high school located in Downtown until the opening of the new HSPVA campus in 2017.^[204] Trinity Lutheran School, a PreK-8 Lutheran School, is located at 800 Houston Avenue, northwest of and in close proximity to Downtown. Its early childhood center is located at 1316 Washington Avenue, near the K-8 center and in proximity to Downtown.^[179][205]

On September 27, 1897, a school in the two-story annex to the Sacred Heart Parish, staffed byDominican sisters, opened with 28 enrolled students.^[206] St. Thomas College (now known asSt. Thomas High School) opened in Downtown in 1900.^[207] In 1902 the parish bought a building used by St. Thomas and moved it from Franklin Street at Crawford Street to Pierce Street and Fannin Street. In 1905 the parish sought and received approval from the state to start a high school; in January 1907Saint Agnes Academy, outside of Downtown, opened and high school students were transferred to St. Agnes. In 1911 the former school building, known as the Green House, was demolished and replaced by a church building. In 1922 the existing Sacred Heart School building opened; the parish spent $52,800 ($992,000 in today's currency) to build the building.^[206] St. Thomas moved to its current location, outside of Downtown, in 1940.^[207] The Sacred Heart School provided Catholic elementary education for 70 years until its closing in May 1967 after declining enrollment and increased operation costs. As of 2009 the former Sacred Heart building houses the diocese's parish religious education program.^[206]

Houston Public Library has the Central Library in Houston. It consists of two buildings, including the Jesse H. Jones Building, which contains the bulk of the library facilities, and theJulia Ideson Building, which contains archives, manuscripts, and the Texas and Local History Department.^[208]

Houston's first public library facility opened on March 2, 1904.^[209] The Ideson building opened in 1926, replacing the previous building. The Jesse H. Jones Building opened in 1976 and received its current name in 1989.^[210] The Jones Building closed for renovations on Monday April 3, 2006.^[211] It reopened May 31, 2008.^[212] After renovations began the Houston Public Library headquarters moved from the Jones Building to the Marston Building inNeartown Houston.^{[213][214][215]}

In addition, HPL operates the HPL Express Discovery Green at 1300 McKinney R2, adjacent to Discovery Green Park.^[216][217] HPL Express facilities are library facilities located in existing buildings.^[218] The library opened in 2008.^[219]

Harris County Public Library operates the Law Library,^[220] located on the first floor of Congress Plaza.^[221]

• National Register of Historic Places listings in downtown Houston, Texas
• Architecture of Houston
• Houston Downtown Tunnel System
• Houston Theater District
• Midtown Houston
• Greenway Plaza, Houston
• Neartown Houston
• Uptown Houston
• Greenspoint, Houston
• Westchase, Houston
• Memorial City, Houston
• Houston Energy Corridor
• Central business district

• "Downtown Parking Management Program Planning." Central Houston, Inc. (Archive)
• Gonzales, J.R. "Downtown Houston by air and in color."Houston Chronicle. Monday August 5, 2013.
• "Downtown retail: A glimpse into the future."Houston Chronicle. Friday September 13, 2013.
• Sarnoff, Nancy and Mike Morris. "Downtown subsidies could skew market, experts say."Houston Chronicle. April 22, 2014.

•  Houston/Downtown travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Downtown at the official Houston web site
• Downtown Houston Management District (Desktop,Mobile)
• Downtown District
• Downtown Houston Alliance
• Downtown Houston Interactive Map
• Houston Theater District

29°45′23″N95°21′51″W / 29.756334°N 95.364037°W /29.756334; -95.364037