| Domari | |
|---|---|
| Dōmʋārī, Dōmʋārī ǧib, Dômarî ĵib,دٛومَرِي,דּוֹמָרִי | |
 | |
| Native to | Azerbaijan,Mauritania,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Lebanon,Egypt,Libya,Tunisia,Algeria,Morocco,Palestine,Syria,Turkey,Jordan,Sudan, and perhaps neighboring countries[1] |
| Region | Middle East and North Africa,Caucasus,Central Asia |
| Ethnicity | Dom |
Native speakers | 280,000 (2015)[2] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin,Arabic,Hebrew | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rmt |
| Glottolog | doma1258 |
 | |
Domari is an endangeredIndo-Aryan language, spoken byDom people scattered across theMiddle East and North Africa. The language is reported to be spoken as far north as Azerbaijan and as far south as central Sudan, in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Syria and Lebanon.[1] Based on the systematicity of sound changes, it is known with a fair degree of certainty that the namesDomari andRomani derive from the Indo-Aryan wordḍom.[4] Although they are bothCentral Indo-Aryan languages, Domari andRomani do not derive from the same immediate ancestor.[5] The Arabs referred to them asNawar as they were a nomadic people that originally immigrated to the Middle East from theIndian subcontinent.[6]
Domari is also known as "Middle Eastern Romani", "Tsigene", "Luti", or "Mehtar". There is no standard written form. In theArab world, it is occasionally written using theArabic script and has manyArabic andPersian loanwords.[7] Descriptive work was done byYaron Matras,[8] who published a comprehensive grammar of the language along with a historical and dialectological evaluation of secondary sources.[1]
Domari is an endangered language, as there is currently pressure to shift away from it in younger generations, according to Yaron Matras.[9] In certain areas such as Jerusalem, only about 20% of the Dom people speak the Domari language in everyday interactions. The language is mainly spoken by the elderly in the Jerusalem community. The younger generation are more influenced by Arabic, therefore most only know basic words and phrases. The modern-day community of Doms in Jerusalem was established by the nomadic people deciding to settle inside the Old City from 1940 until it came under Israeli administration in 1967 (Matras 1999).[10]
The best-known variety of Domari is Palestinian Domari, also known as "Syrian Gypsy", the dialect of the Dom community ofJerusalem, which was described byR.A. S. Macalister in the 1910s. Palestinian Domari is an endangered language, with fewer than 200 speakers, the majority of the 1,200 members of the Jerusalem Domari community being native speakers ofPalestinian Arabic.
Other dialects include:
Some dialects may be highly divergent and not mutually intelligible. Published sources often lump together dialects of Domari and the various unrelated in-group vocabularies of diverse peripatetic populations in the Middle East. Thus, theGhorbati andLyuli were previously thought to speak a dialect of Domari. There is also no obvious connection between Domari and the vocabulary used by the Helebi of Egypt (see discussion in Matras 2012, chapter 1).
In the 1940s, the Dom began to abandon their nomadic culture and began settling and working in the local economy. This led to the next phenomenon: the assimilation ofDom children in the primary school system, which marked the first generation to grow up in an academic environment alongside Arab children. Consequently, this 1940 generation do not fluently speak the Domari language. Arabic replaced their native Domari, and became the language of cross-generation communication. In Jerusalem, it is estimated there are about 600-900 members of theDom population in Jerusalem. Less than 10% can effectively communicate in Jerusalem Domari.[12]
Domari was once thought to be the "sister language" ofRomani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent, but more recent research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within theCentral (Hindustani) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom are most likely to be descendants of two different migration waves out of India, separated by several centuries.[13][14][5] According to Matras:[15][16]
There is, in other words, no evidence that Domari and Romani ever constituted a single language, at any period in their development: but there is on the other hand plenty of evidence that they underwent shared developments as a result of sharing the same geo-linguistic environments during successive periods.
— Yaron Matras,A Grammar of Domari
There remain similarities between the two, aside from their sharedCentral zone Indic origin, indicating a period of shared history as itinerant populations in the Middle East. These include: shared archaisms, which have been lost in the Central Indo-Aryan languages over the millennia since Dom/Rom emigration, a series of innovations connecting them with theNorthwestern zone group, indicating their route of migration out of India, and a number of radical syntactical changes, due tosuperstrate influence of Middle Eastern languages, includingPersian,Arabic andByzantine Greek.
There are five main vowel sounds; however, this inventory shows the variation and quantity of short vowels. Most are interchangeable with a vowel sound next to it; however, all of the sounds produced above are identical to the local Palestinian Arabic.[9]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ɪiː | ʊuː | |
| Mid | ɛeː | ə ~[ʌ] ~[ɜ] | ɔoː |
| Low | ɑaː |
Most of these consonants are influenced by Palestinian Arabic such as gemination; however, consonants such as[p],[ɡ],[tʃ] and[h] are not found in the local dialect. There is speculation among linguists that these sounds are considered a part of the pre-Arabic component. Alveopalatal affricates such as[tʃ] and[dʒ] are also consonants that differ in sound from Arabic.[1]
The biggest difference in expression of language between Arabic and Domari is where the stress is placed. Arabic has phoneme-level stress while Domari is a language of word-level stress. The Domari language emphasizes stress on the final syllable, as well as grammatical markers for gender and number. Most nouns, besides proper nouns, adopted from Arabic sound distinct because of the unique stresses in Domari.[9] Domari is thought to have borrowed many words and grammatical structures from Arabic; however, this is not entirely true. Complex verbs and most core prepositions did not transfer into the realms of grammar of the Domari language. The syntactic typology remains independent of Arabic influence. It also important to note that the numerals used by theDoms were inherited from Kurdish. Even though Domari was influenced by local Arabic, the language also felt the impacts of Kurdish and certain dialects of Iranian in the grammar of the language.[17]
Here is a table of the numerals (1–10, 20, and 100) inHindi,Romani, Domari,Lomavren,Kurdish andPersian for comparison.
| Numeral | Hindi | Romani | Domari | Lomavren | Kurdish | Persian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ek | ekh, jekh | yek, yika | yak, yek | yak | yek |
| 2 | do | duj | dî | luy | du | do |
| 3 | tīn | trin | tirin | tərin | se | se |
| 4 | cār | štar | ŝtar | iŝdör | čwar, čar | čahār, čār |
| 5 | pāñc | pandž | panĵ | penĵ | penc | panǰ |
| 6 | che | šov | ŝaŝ | ŝeŝ | ŝaŝ | šeš |
| 7 | sāt | ifta | hawt, hoft | haft | hawt | haft |
| 8 | āṭh | oxto | hayŝt, haytek | haŝt | hašt | hašt |
| 9 | nau | inja | nu | nu | no | nuh, noh |
| 10 | das | deš | dez | las | da | dah |
| 20 | bīs | biš | wîs | vist | bist | bist |
| 100 | sau | šel | say | say | sa(d), sat | sad |
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