Dmitry Andreyevich Muratov (Russian:Дмитрий Андреевич Муратов; born 29 October 1961) is a Russian journalist, television presenter and the formereditor-in-chief of the Russian newspaperNovaya Gazeta.[1] He was awarded the2021 Nobel Peace Prize jointly withMaria Ressa for "their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace."[2]
Muratov co-founded the pro-democracy newspaperNovaya Gazeta in 1993 with several other journalists. He was the newspaper's editor-in-chief from 1995 to 2017, and again assumed the position in 2019. The newspaper is known for its reporting on sensitive topics such as governmental corruption, human rights violations,[3] electoral fraud, police violence, and other misuses of power.[4] As editor-in-chief he was a vocal advocate for an independent press[4] and published articles byAnna Politkovskaya that scrutinised thePutin administration. Muratov helped to create "the only truly critical newspaper with national influence in Russia today", according to theCommittee to Protect Journalists.[5] During theRussian invasion of Ukraine; on 28 March 2022, the newspaper announced that it would suspend its online and print activities after it received a second warning fromRoskomnadzor.[6]
On 1 September 2023, Muratov was declared by the Russian authorities to be a "foreign agent".[7]
Dmitry Muratov was born on 29 October 1961 into aRussian family in the city ofKuibyshev (officially known since 1991 by its original name,Samara).[8][9] He studied at the Faculty of Philology atKuibyshev (now Samara) State University for five years, where he discovered his interest in journalism. While in college he made contact with local newspapers and held a part-time job in journalism.[10]
From 1983 to 1985, after graduating from university, he served in theSoviet Army as a communication equipment security specialist.[10][11] He also fought in the Soviet- Afghan war.
In 1987, Muratov began working as a correspondent forVolzhsky Komsomolets newspaper. His superiors were so impressed that by the end of his first year he was appointed to head of theKomsomolskaya Pravda youth department, and later was promoted to editor of news articles.[12] Muratov left Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1992.[13]
In 1993, Muratov and 50+ other colleagues fromKomsomolskaya Pravda left to start their own paper titledNovaya Gazeta. Their goal was to create a publication that was "an honest, independent, and rich"[14] source for the citizens of Russia. The newspaper’s mission is to conduct in-depth investigations into human rights issues, corruption and abuse of power.Novaya Gazeta's newsroom started out with two computers, two rooms, one printer and no salary for the employees. Former SovietPresidentMikhail Gorbachev donated some of his Nobel Peace Prize money to pay for salaries and computers for the paper. Muratov helped to createNovaya Gazeta, where he was named Deputy Press Editor.[15]
In December 1994 – January 1995, Muratov was a correspondent in the war zone of theFirst Chechen War.[10][11] In 1995, he became the head of the editorial board. He held this position for over 20 years, stepping down in 2017, citing the exhausting nature of running the paper.[16] In 2019, he returned to the position, after the paper’s staff voted for his return.[15][17]
Muratov often reported on sensitive topics including human rights violations, high-level government corruption, and abuse of power. His political beliefs, such as supporting freedom of press, has led to conflict with fellow journalists and the government.[5]
In 2004, the newspaper printed seven articles by columnist Georgy Rozhnov, which accusedSergey Kiriyenko of embezzling US$4.8 billion ofInternational Monetary Fund funds in 1998 when he wasPrime Minister of Russia.[18] The newspaper based the accusations on a letter allegedly written toColin Powell and signed byU.S. CongressmenPhilip Crane,Mike Pence,Charlie Norwood,Dan Burton andHenry Bonilla and posted on the website of the American Defense Council.[19] The newspaper claimed that Kiriyenko had used some of the embezzled funds to purchase real estate in the United States. It was later claimed that the letter was a prank concocted byThe eXile.[19] In response, Kiriyenko suedNovaya Gazeta and Rozhnov for libel, and in passing judgement in favour of Kiriyenko the court orderedNovaya Gazeta to retract all publications relating to the accusations and went on to say that the newspaper "is obliged to publish only officially proven information linking Mr Kiriyenko with embezzlement."[18]
AfterNovaya Gazeta published an investigation by journalist Denis Korotkov about Russian businessmanYevgeny Prigozhin,[20] in October 2018, Denis Korotkov and the editor-in-chief atNovaya Gazeta were the target of threatening deliveries of a severed ram's head and funeral flowers to the paper's offices. The style of the threat resembled others by Kremlin-linkedYevgeny Prigozhin.[21]
Dmitry Muratov at a ceremony in 2012
In 2016, the newspaper was involved in the publishing of the so-calledPanama Papers, confidential documents from aPanama-based law firm that had assisted companies and individuals from around the world in hiding their wealth.[4]
His newspaper has been influential on shedding light of the turbulent situations inChechnya and theNorthern Caucasus in general.Novaya Gazeta published reports aboutanti-gay purges in Chechnya in 2017, where three men were allegedly killed, and dozens detained and intimidated. After publication, the Chechen Government denied the existence of persecutions in the Republic.[22]
The newspaper published the report byElena Milashina and the list of 27 Chechens killed on 26 January 2017. The newspaper also addressed the report and the list to the Russian government'sInvestigative Committee of Russia, and asked the committee to investigate the data in the published list. WhileNovaya Gazeta listed the names of 27 Chechens killed, the newspaper suspected that real number might be even more, with up to 56 Chechens killed that night. The newspaper said that the dead Chechens were citizens of the Republic of Chechnya, who were detained by the governmental security service, put in custody inside a secure compound belonging to the traffic police regiment in the City ofGrozny, and executed on 26 January by gunfire (several men brutally killed byasphyxiation)[23]) by state security forces without any legal proceedings.[24]
During Muratov's time at theNovaya Gazeta, six of its journalists had been killed.[5] In 2000,Igor Domnikov was murdered in aMoscow apartment building. In 2001,Victor Popkov, aNovaya Gazeta contributor, died after being wounded in the crossfire of a gunfight in Chechnya.[5] In 2003,Yury Shchekochikhin was poisoned after investigating a corruption scandal where high-ranking Russian officials were involved.[5]Anna Politkovskaya was assassinated in her apartment block in 2006 after spending her career covering Chechnya and the Northern Caucasus.[5] In 2009,Anastasia Baburova was shot and killed on the street, whileNatalia Estemirova was abducted and murdered.[25]
After theRussian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Muratov released dual editions of his newspaper in both Russian and Ukrainian, and said that his newspaper would defy the Russian media watchdog's rules which he stated would lead to a situation in which only Russian government statements could be reported.[26] On 4 March 2022, Russian PresidentVladimir Putin signed into law a bill introducingprison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian armed forces and their operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet.[27] It introduced criminal liability for the dissemination of "knowingly false information" about the actions of theRussian Armed Forces, with theRussian Federation deciding what is the truth, "in order to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens and maintain international peace and security".[28][29][30] As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in connection with the war in Ukraine.[31]
On 28 March 2022, the newspaper suspended its print activities after receiving a second warning fromRoskomnadzor;[6] on 6 April 2022, a foreign version of the paper (Novaya Gazeta Europa) was launched fromRiga in order to avoid censorship.[32]
In April 2022, the second largest Norwegian media groupAmedia announced it was handing over its four printing houses in Russia worth some 4 million Euro to Muratov, as it was ceasing its business activities in Russia.[33] However, in the fall of 2023, five Prime Print printing houses, by decree ofVladimir Putin, were transferred first to the temporary management of the Federal Property Management Agency, and then to the Moscow authorities.[34]
In December 2022, Muratov said that while Russia can "destroy" Ukraine's infrastructure, "it will never be able to conquer it".[35] In March 2023, he predicted that there would never be "normal relations between the people of Russia and Ukraine" because "Ukraine will not be able to come to terms with this tragedy." He also said that "In Russia political repression will continue against all opponents of the regime" and that the only hope he has "lies with the young generation; those people who sees the world as a friend, not as an enemy".[36] He warned that Russian state propaganda "is preparing people to think thatnuclear war is not a bad thing."[36] Russian nationalistTelegram channels supporting the war in Ukraine accused Muratov of being pro-Ukrainian.[37]
In March 2023,Oleg Orlov, co-chair of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning human rights groupMemorial, was detained on charges of "repeatedly discrediting the armed forces".[38] At the hearing, he was accompanied by Dmitry Muratov, who said that Orlov was being tried "for observing theRussian Constitution" which, he argued, guarantees freedom of expression.[39]
In May 2023, Muratov expressed support for playwrightsEvgenia Berkovich and Svetlana Petriichuk, calling the case against them political persecution.[40]
On 7 April 2022, Muratov was attacked by an unknown person and covered with red paint mixed with acetone while on a train from Moscow to Samara, supposedly as an act of support for Russian troops;[41][42] according to U.S. officials, the attack was organized by Russian intelligence services.[43]
Muratov was awarded the2021 Nobel Peace Prize, alongsideMaria Ressa ofthe Philippines, "for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace."[2] The Nobel Committee specifically commendedNovaya Gazeta's "critical articles on subjects ranging from corruption, police violence, unlawful arrests, electoral fraud and 'troll factories' to the use of Russian military forces both within and outside Russia."[47] TheNobel Prize Committee was criticized for rewarding Muratov and not jailed Russian opposition leaderAlexei Navalny, as an attempt by the Committee "to keep the maximum distance from the current political process" in Russia.[48] Muratov is a member of the democratic political partyYabloko[49] that did not support theSmart Voting initiative by Navalny.[48] The Kremlin congratulated Muratov on winning the Nobel prize.[50] Muratov has said that he would have given the prize to Alexei Navalny if it were his choice.[51]
During his acceptance speech, at a time when Russia began a majormilitary build-up near theRussia–Ukraine border, Muratov warned that "In [the] heads of some crazy geopoliticians, a war between Russia and Ukraine is not something impossible any longer."[52]
In an interview withMeduza, Muratov commented that his Nobel Prize belongs to all journalists ofNovaya Gazeta who were killed for conducting their investigations:[53]
On 22 March 2022, Muratov decided to sell his Nobel Peace Prize medal to an auction, donating the proceeds toUNICEF for the benefit of refugees from Ukraine.[54] The medal auction was carried out byHeritage Auctions and was sold for US$103.5 million, the highest price ever recorded for a Nobel medal.[55][56]
In 2024, a documentary using real-time videos of how the staffs ofNovaya Gazeta, RadioEcho of Moscow, andTV Rain coped with the government's suppression of the freedom of speech, was made.[57] The journalists in the film had to close their media and flee Russia for their own safety. Muratov'sNovaya Gazeta first opened an office in Latvia, and then in Germany and Paris.[58]
^Милашина, Елена (23 July 2019)."Подвал имени Кадырова" [Basement named after Kadyrov].Новая Газета (in Russian).Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved28 January 2020.
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