Terrestrialmicrowave radio system with two antenna arrays configured for space-diversity
Intelecommunications, adiversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using two or morecommunication channels with different characteristics. Diversity is mainly used inradio communication and is a common technique for combattingfading andco-channel interference and avoidingerror bursts. It is based on the fact that individual channels experience fades and interference at different, random times, i.e., they are at least partlyindependent. Multiple versions of the same signal may be transmitted and/or received and combined in the receiver. Alternatively, a redundantforward error correction code may be added and different parts of the message transmitted over different channels. Diversity techniques may exploit themultipath propagation, resulting in adiversity gain, often measured indecibels.
The following classes of diversity schemes can be identified:
Time diversity: Multiple versions of the same signal are transmitted at different time instants. Alternatively, a redundantforward error correction code is added and the message is spread in time by means ofbit-interleaving before it is transmitted. Thus,error bursts are avoided, which simplifies the error correction.
Frequency diversity: The signal is transmitted using several frequency channels or spread over a wide spectrum that is affected by frequency-selectivefading. Later examples include:
Space diversity: The signal is transmitted over several different propagation paths. In the case of wired transmission, this can be achieved by transmitting via multiple wires. In the case of wireless transmission, it can be achieved byantenna diversity using multiple transmitter antennas (transmit diversity) and/or multiple receiving antennas (reception diversity). In the latter case, adiversity combining technique is applied before further signal processing takes place. If the antennas are far apart, for example at different cellular base station sites or WLAN access points, this is calledmacrodiversity orsite diversity. If the antennas are at a distance in the order of onewavelength, this is calledmicrodiversity. A special case is phasedantenna arrays, which also can be used forbeamforming,MIMO channels andspace–time coding (STC).
Polarization diversity: Multiple versions of a signal are transmitted and received via antennas with different polarization. Adiversity combining technique is applied on the receiver side.[1]
Multiuser diversity: Multiuser diversity is obtained by opportunistic user scheduling at either the transmitter or the receiver.[2] Opportunistic user scheduling is as follows: at any given time, the transmitter selects the best user among candidate receivers according to the qualities of each channel between the transmitter and each receiver. A receiver must feed back the channel quality information to the transmitter using limited levels of resolution, in order for the transmitter to implement Multiuser diversity.
Cooperative diversity: Achieves antenna diversity gain by using the cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to each node.
An important element in communication systems applying diversity schemes is the "Combiner", which processes the redundantly received signals. Combiner technologies are traditionally classified according to Brennan:[3]
Maximal-Ratio Combiner
Equal-Gain Combiner
Scanning/Switching Combiner
Selection Combiner
To combine parallel redundant transmitted longer signal sequences, for examplenetwork packets, the principle of aTiming Combiner was defined in 2012.[4] Similarly working like aSelection Combiner, the first fully received and valid data packet will be immediately further processed, whereas the later arriving redundant packets will be immediately discarded after reception. With this approach, always the faster of the redundant channels "wins", yielding significant performance improvements especially in wireless applications.[4]
^abRentschler, M.; Laukemann, P. (September 2012). "Performance analysis of parallel redundant WLAN".Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 17th International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA 2012). pp. 1–8.doi:10.1109/ETFA.2012.6489647.ISBN978-1-4673-4737-2.S2CID10130152.
